Table III.

Heat Transfer Parameters According to Eq. 3 for Different Vial/Tray and Lyophilizer Combinations

Vial/tray	Lyophilizer	Heat transfer coefficients
Schott 6R	Millrock REVO	Kc = 11.51 W/m2 K = 2.75 × 10−4cal/s K cm2 Kp = 0.28 W/m2 K Pa = 8.93 × 10−4cal/s K cm2 Torr KD = 3.45 × 10−3Pa−1 = 0.46 Torr−1
5800 W (11)	Highly modified commercial laboratory-scale lyophilizer	Kc = 11.04 W/m2 K = 2.64 × 10−4cal/s K cm2 Kp = 1.03 W/m2 K Pa = 33.2 × 10−4cal/s K cm2 Torr KD = 27.3 × 10−3Pa−1 = 3.64 Torr−1
5816 W (11)		Kc = 8.49 W/m2 K = 2.03 × 10−4cal/s K cm2 Kp = 1.03 W/m2 K Pa = 33.2 × 10−4cal/s K cm2 Torr KD = 29.8 × 10−3Pa−1 = 3.97 Torr−1
5303 (11)		Kc = 6.36 W/m2 K = 1.52 × 10−4cal/s K cm2 Kp = 1.03 W/m2 K Pa = 33.2 × 10−4cal/s K cm2 Torr KD = 52.3 × 10−3Pa−1 = 6.97 Torr−1
Warped stainless steel tray (11)		KTc = 2.51 W/m2 K = 0.6 × 10−4cal/s K cm2 KTp = 2.04 W/m2 K Pa = 65.9 × 10−4cal/s K cm2 Torr KTD = 0.2 Pa−1 = 27 Torr−1
Wheaton Science 2 mL type-1 tubing vials (34)	SP Scientific LyoStar II	For Pch = 57 mTorr and Tsh =  − 25 ° C Using thermocouple measurements: Kv = 15.9 W/m2 K = 3.8 × 10−4cal/s K cm2 Using Pirani gauge measurements: Kv = 11.3 W/m2 K = 2.7 × 10−4cal/s K cm2 For Pch = 57 mTorr and Tsh = 25 ° C Using thermocouple measurements: Kv = 8.37 W/m2 K = 2.0 × 10−4cal/s K cm2 Using Pirani gauge measurements: Kv = 7.95 W/m2 K = 1.9 × 10−4cal/s K cm2