Fig. 4.

Ginseng extracts regulate mitochondrial bioenergetics of H9C2 cells. Cultured H9C2 cells were treated with ginseng extracts (from 6.25 μg/mL to 50 μg/mL as indicated) for 24 hours before measuring the oxygen consumption rate with XFp Cell Mito Stress Test. Response of H9C2 cells after oligomycin (1 μM), FCCP (3 μM), and rotenone/antimycin A (R&A at 1 μM) applied onto the wells were recorded. Dotted lines denote times at which the three inhibitors were applied. Effects of various extracts of ginseng at various concentrations on the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) for four respiration states of H9C2 cells were shown. The OCR value was normalized with cellular protein/well by protein. Data are expressed as Mean ± SD, n = 3, each with triplicate samples. FCCP, carbonyl cyanide-4 (trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone; SD, standard deviation.