Radii of curvature. a) Scheme of the radius of curvature of a GNS900 tip. b) calculated radii of curvature, n = 44, ****p<0.0001, two-sample Student’s t-test. TEM images used for the calculation of the radius of curvature of c) GNS900, e) GNS400 and g) GNSph with BPE, and d) GNS900, f) GNS400 and h) GNSph with MBA. Scale bar = 25 nm.