Table 2. Racial/Ethnic Differences Among Women Aged ≥18 Years in Association With HbA1c, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2007–2016.
| Characteristic | RRR (95% CI) [P] |
HbA1c, β (95% CI) [P] |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HbA1c 5.7%–6.4%a (Unweighted n = 534) | HbA1c ≥6.5%a (Unweighted n = 534) | No Diabetes (Unweighted n = 534) | Diabetes (Unweighted n = 231) | |
| Model 1: Unadjusted | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] |
| Non-Hispanic black | 2.31 (1.30 to 4.13) [.005] | 2.98 (1.01 to 8.79) [.05] | 0.31 (0.07 to 0.56) [.01] | 1.12 (0.19 to 2.05) [.02] |
| Hispanic | 1.36 (0.82 to 2.26) [.22] | 1.94 (0.80 to 4.68) [.14] | 0.24 (0.05 to 0.43) [.01] | 0.90 (0.26 to 1.54) [.006] |
| Other | 1.32 (0.49 to 3.54) [.58] | 0.44 (0.11 to 1.86) [.26] | 0.06 (−0.10 to 0.21) [.45] | −0.30 (−0.83 to 0.23) [.26] |
| Model 2: Adjusted for age, education, marital status, and health insurance status | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] |
| Non-Hispanic black | 3.46 (1.77 to 6.78) [<.001] | 4.94 (1.53 to 15.96) [.008] | 0.40 (0.15 to 0.65) [.002] | 1.30 (0.46 to 2.14) [.003] |
| Hispanic | 1.98 (1.07 to 3.67) [.03] | 3.49 (1.57 to 8.04) [.004] | 0.34 (0.14 to 0.54) [.001] | 1.17 (0.55 to 1.78) [<.001] |
| Other | 1.97 (0.70 to 5.50) [.19] | 0.61 (0.12 to 3.23) [.56] | 0.14 (−0.01 to 0.29) [.06] | −0.29 (−0.84 to 0.27) [.31] |
| Model 3: Model 2 + body mass index, waist circumference, hypertension status, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] |
| Non-Hispanic black | 3.35 (1.60 to 7.04) [.002] | 5.24 (1.39 to 19.70) [.02] | 0.34 (0.11 to 0.57) [.004] | 1.32 (0.48 to 2.15) [.002] |
| Hispanic | 2.20 (1.17 to 4.17) [.02] | 6.72 (2.51 to 17.98) [<.001] | 0.34 (0.15 to 0.53) [.001] | 1.31 (0.71 to 1.91); [<.001] |
| Other | 2.09 (0.83 to 5.30) [.12] | 0.96 (0.08 to 11.18) [.97] | 0.14 (0.01 to 0.27) [.03] | −0.15 (−0.67 to 0.37) [.57] |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; RRR, relative risk ratio.
a
Among women aged ≥18 years who had complete information on covariates and who did not self-report a diagnosis of diabetes by a health care provider or insulin use at the time of the NHANES examination. Multinomial regression models were used to assess undiagnosed diabetes (HbA1c ≥ 6.5%), prediabetes (HbA1c, 5.7%–6.4%), and no diabetes (HbA1c < 5.7%). No diabetes is reference group (or base outcome).