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. 2019 Oct 17;4(20):e121971. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.121971

Figure 3. Tolterodine affects heart function in Xenopus in a similar fashion as in zebrafish.

Figure 3

Xenopus embryos were treated from stage 12.5 until 42 in frog water and analyzed by hand. In B–D numbers of animals used are indicated below the graphs. (A) Live images of stage 42 Xenopus embryos treated with vehicle (1% DMSO) or 50 μM tolterodine. Arrow indicates pericardiac effusion. (B) Tolterodine treatment results in pericardiac edema in Xenopus embryos. n = 8 experiments. ***P = 0.0002, 2-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. (C) A significant number of Xenopus embryos developed arrhythmia upon tolterodine treatment. n = 8 experiments. ***P = 0.0007, 2-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. (D) Tolterodine induced bradycardia in Xenopus embryos. n = 8 experiments. ****P < 0.0001, 2-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. Graphs show mean of individual experiments (B and C) or individual embryos (D). Red line, median.