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. 2019 Oct 17;4(20):e121971. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.121971

Figure 6. Antimuscarinic compounds favoring M3 over M2 receptors phenocopy tolterodine treatment in zebrafish embryos.

Figure 6

(A) Live images of 48 hpf embryos after treatment with vehicle (DMSO) or 50 μM solifenacin or zamifenacin. Arrow indicates the edema. Scale bar: 200 μm. (B) Solifenacin treatment caused dose-dependent arrhythmia. n = 3–8 experiments with 85–165 embryos. (C) Zebrafish treated with increasing concentrations of solifenacin developed AV-blocks. n = 3–8 experiments with 85–165 embryos. (D) Solifenacin caused formation of edema with increasing concentrations. n = 3–8 experiments with 85–165 embryos. (E) Zebrafish embryos treated with zamifenacin developed arrhythmia at low micromolar concentrations. At higher concentrations, both chambers became silent. n = 3–6 experiments with 59–144 embryos. (F) Zamifenacin treatment provoked AV-blocks. n = 3–6 experiments with 59–144 embryos. (G) Edema formation occurred in a dose-dependent manner upon zamifenacin treatment. n = 3–6 experiments with 59–103 embryos. Graphs display mean ± SEM.