Fig. 4.

Adjusted annual costs. *P value < 0.05; difference between cohorts may not be exact due to rounding; adjusted annual costs, estimated as four times the quarterly average of adjusted costs per patient, showed the average costs would incur if the patients had 1 year of follow-up; adjusted costs in each quarter were estimated from multivariable regression models, adjusting for the following baseline characteristics—demographics, CCI, diagnosis of specific conditions [cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, pulmonary conditions, neuropsychiatric conditions, malignancy (excluding skin cancer), and tobacco dependence], use of smoking-cessation counseling, occurrence of hospitalization (SA or all cause, corresponding to study outcomes), healthcare costs (corresponding to study outcomes)—and propensity scores. ER emergency room, NRT nicotine replacement therapy, RX pharmacy, SA smoking-attributable, VAR varenicline