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. 2019 Nov 1;33(21-22):1475–1490. doi: 10.1101/gad.331397.119

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© 2019 Gaertner et al.; Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press

This article is distributed exclusively by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press for the first six months after the full-issue publication date (see http://genesdev.cshlp.org/site/misc/terms.xhtml). After six months, it is available under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International), as described at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Figure 1. — In vitro differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into different cell types of the pancreas. Overview of the stages of in vitro differentiation into the different pancreatic cell types, namely alpha, beta, acinar, and ductal cells. Beta cell differentiation protocols produce some monohormonal insulin⁺ cells that are glucose-responsive (beta-like cells) as well as nonfunctional insulin⁺ cells coexpressing other pancreatic hormones (polyhormonal cells). Upon implantation into mice, hPSC-derived pancreatic progenitors differentiate into glucose-responsive, insulin-secreting beta cells, as well as other endocrine cell types.