Table 2.

Cognitive rehabilitation interventions targeting cognitive impairment in brain tumour patients

Ref.	Intervention outline	Study design	Population (n)	Timing	Effect on cognition
Gehring et al. [66]	Weekly individual supervised compensation training and computerized retraining	RCT	Low-grade and anaplastic gliomas (n = 140)	At least 6 months postsurgery	Improvement in short-term cognitive complaints, long-term cognitive functioning and mental fatigue
Hassler et al. [65]	Compensatory training. Weekly group training sessions for attention, verbal and memory skills	RCT	Grade III and IV glioma patients (n = 11)	Postsurgery, RT and CT	Modest improvement in memory and attention
Maschio et al. [63]	Cognitive rehabilitation training (RehabTR). Weekly sessions using computerized retraining	Pilot study	Patients with brain tumour related epilepsy (n = 16)	Postsurgery	Improvements in short-term verbal memory, episodic memory, fluency and long-term visuospatial memory improved immediately and at 6-month follow-up
Sacks-Zimmerman et al. [67]	CogMed: Computer-based cognitive remediation therapy (CRT)	Prospective pilot study	Low-grade glioma patients (n = 3)	Postsurgery	Results of only three patients have been published
Richard et al. [61]	Goal Management Training (GMT): Behavioural intervention combining mindfulness and strategy training	Pilot randomized trial (three groups)	Primary brain tumour patients (n = 26)	Postsurgery and >3 months post possible RT and/or CT	Executive functioning improved at 4-month follow-up
Van der Linden et al. [60]	ReMind: iPad-based psycho-education, strategy training and retraining	Feasibility study	Low-grade glioma and meningioma (n = 15)	Before surgery or other treatment	Intervention was found to be feasible, results of the RCT are expected
Yang et al. [62]	Virtual reality: Computer-based cognitive rehabilitation program	Trial comparing VR and computerized retraining with computerized retraining	Primary brain tumour patients (n = 38)	After surgery, and further treatment with RT/CT	Improvement in visual and auditory attention, short-term visual spatial memory
Zucchella et al. [64]	Compensation training and computerized training	RCT	Primary brain tumour patients [62]	Postsurgery	Improvement of visual attention and verbal memory

CT, chemotherapy; RCT, randomized controlled trial; RT, radiotherapy; VR, virtual reality.