Table 2.
Impact of type of e-cigarette warning
| Type of warning | |||||
| (1) Control Mean (SD) |
(2) Text-only Mean (SD) |
(3) Pictorial Mean (SD) |
1 vs 2 d |
2 vs 3 d |
|
| Intended effects | |||||
| Attention to message | 3.20 (1.12) | 3.66 (1.07) | 3.70 (1.07) | 0.43** | 0.03 |
| Believability | 3.80 (1.00) | 3.77 (1.03) | 3.69 (1.00) | −0.04 | −0.08 |
| Negative affect | 1.81 (.98) | 2.51 (1.12) | 2.75 (1.35) | 0.64** | 0.21** |
| Anticipated social interactions | 2.23 (1.26) | 2.55 (1.35) | 2.70 (1.36) | 0.24** | 0.10* |
| Cognitive elaboration | 2.25 (1.32) | 3.34 (1.29) | 3.49 (1.31) | 0.84** | 0.11* |
| Interest in e-cigarette use (current users only) |
2.67 (.68) | 2.33 (.76) | 2.25 (.77) | −0.46** | −0.11 |
| Perceived message effectiveness | 2.64 (1.12) | 3.48 (1.10) | 3.65 (1.06) | 0.76** | 0.15** |
| Unintended effects | |||||
| Message reactance | 2.47 (1.06) | 2.69 (1.08) | 2.88 (1.12) | 0.21* | 0.17** |
| Anticipated message avoidance | 2.20 (1.21) | 2.57 (1.20) | 2.77 (1.21) | 0.30** | 0.17** |
| Interest in cigarette use (current smokers only) |
2.43 (.72) | 2.32 (.73) | 2.26 (.71) | −0.15* | −0.08 |
| % | % | % | h | h | |
| Interest in cigarette use (non-smokers only) | 8 | 6 | 6 | −0.08 | 0.01 |
d, standardised mean difference; h, standardised proportion difference. Condition received text about not littering. Risk belief findings appear in online supplementary tables S2 and S3.
*p<0.05, **p<0.001.