Fig. 7.
Schematic diagram showing the protective action of NIA on PM2.5-induced cell damage. NIA protected keratinocytes by suppressing ROS generation by decreasing the NADP/NADPH ratio. Further, NIA prevented oxidative stress-induced molecules damage, including lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, and DNA modification. NIA could also stabilize mitochondrial membrane potential by balancing calcium levels, which was disrupted by PM2.5. Finally, NIA protected cells from PM2.5-induced apoptosis.