| Ideal working posture |
| Stand upright |
| Avoid static positions |
| Arm and elbow angle between 90 and 120 degrees |
| Forearm in a neutral horizontal position |
| Slight inward rotation of the arms |
| Mild wrist extension and finger flexion |
| Table height |
| Table between 66 and 77 cm above the floor |
| Purchase of tables that can be lowered adequately |
| Adjust for a neutral posture |
| Instruments and elbows aligned |
| Image display screen position |
| Request ceiling-mounted screens |
| Unobstructed and in-direct view of the operator |
| Distance between 0.9 and 3 m from the surgeon |
| Viewing angle to monitor: 15- to 45-degree downward gaze |
| Cautery and insufflation setting in the surgeon's view |
| Separate monitor for assistant |
| Instrument handle design and usage |
| Ring handles: avoid excess pressure on fingers while activating |
| Avoid excess ulnar or radial deviation |
| Locking mechanism prevents tissue slippage or excessive force |
| Locking mechanism should rotate on/off |
| Avoid friction between the instrument and the abdominal wall |
| Handle manipulation for the left and right hands |
| Avoid pressure on the thenar eminence or the palm activating instruments |
| Use rotational handles |
| Ideal instrument manipulation angle: 45–60 degrees in reference to the patient |
| Trocar placement |
| Triangulate toward the target anatomy |
| Target organ 1520 cm from the center trocar |
| Remaining trocars arranged in 15–20 cm arc, 5–7 cm apart |
| Avoid placement that requires excess reach over the patient |
