Official websites use .gov
A
.gov website belongs to an official
government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you've safely
connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive
information only on official, secure websites.
| Fulcrum effect of instruments causes visualization of inverted movements |
| Increased level of hand–eye coordination |
| Two-dimensional images |
| Loss of depth perception |
| Effects of light reflection and shadows |
| Lack of efficiency in movement around the operative field |
| Duration of surgery |
