Table 3. Linear mixed model results for primary and secondary measures.
| Outcome measure | Visit | DT-TT Group | CT-TT Group | Linear Mixed Model | Cohen’s d: effect size for change from baseline to follow up [95% CI for Cohen’s d] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model means (SEM) | Model means (SEM) | Effect | F-value (p-value) | |||
|
Walking Two minute walk distance (m) |
Week 0 | 90.66 (8.20) | 86.74 (8.54) | Group | 0.362 (0.550) | Medium effect size for DT-TT |
| Week 11 | 99.68 (8.21) | 93.17 (8.58) | Time | 11.132 (<0.001)** | ||
| Week 22 | 103.47 (8.24) | 92.75 (8.62) |
0.50 [-0.11 – 1.10] |
|||
|
Dual Task Walking Two minute walk with dual task distance (m) |
Week 0 | 78.50 (7.03) | 75.44 (7.33) | Group | 0.191 (0.665) | Small effect size for DT-TT |
| Week 11 | 84.26 (7.04) | 79.72 (7.35) | Time | 9.196 (<0.001)** | ||
| Week 22 | 88.82 (7.06) | 82.97 (7.40) | 0.20 [-0.41 – 0.80] |
|||
|
Dual Task Effect Walking distance change during TMW-DT |
Week 0 | -13.40% (1.90) | -10.80% (1.90) | Group | 1.809 (0.186) | No significant effect size for CT-TT |
| Week 11 | -15.80% (1.90) | -13.70% (1.90) | Time | 2.809 (0.071)# | ||
| Week 22 | -14.00% (1.90) | -9.10% (2.00) | -0.19 [-0.80 – 0.42] |
|||
|
Dual Task Effect Number of Cognitive responses during TMW-DT |
Week 0 | 11.23 (0.80) | 11.92 (0.83) | Group | 2.084 (0.158) | Small to medium effect size for CT-TT |
| Week 11 | 12.61 (0.82) | 12.37 (0.86) | Time | 5.664 (0.007)* | ||
| Week 22 | 12.20 (0.85) | 13.88 (0.90) | -0.31 [-0.94 – 0.32] |
|||
|
Physical Activity Physical Activity Scale for Elderly |
Week 0 | 74.26 (9.11) | 94.72 (9.36) | Group | 0.019 (0.892) | Medium effect size for DT-TT |
| Week 11 | 86.89 (9.11) | 74.65 (9.79) | Time | 0.237 (0.789) | ||
| Week 22 | 89.95 (9.41) | 77.31 (9.93) | Interact | 3.701 (0.029)* |
0.59 [-0.02 – 1.21] |
|
|
Physical activity Step activity / day by StepWatch Activity Monito™ |
Week 0 | 3469 (390) | 2747 (402) | Group | 1.391 (0.244) | No significant effect size for CT-TT |
| Week 11 | 3411 (390) | 2949 (411) | Time | 1.570 (0.215) | ||
| Week 22 | 3131 (389) | 2619 (424) | -0.19 [-0.84 – 0.46] |
|||
|
Health Wellbeing SF-36 Total Score |
Week 0 | 54.7 (3.4) | 60.9 (3.6) | Group | 1.900 (0.174) | No significant effect size for CT-TT |
| Week 11 | 61.3 (3.5) | 66.7 (3.7) | Time | 6.629 (0.002)* | ||
| Week 22 | 60.3 (3.5) | 67.2 (3.7) | -0.10 [-0.69 – 0.48] |
|||
|
Health Wellbeing EQ-5D Index |
Week 0 | 0.72 (0.04) | 0.71 (0.04) | Group | 0.027 (0.870) | Small effect size for CT-TT |
| Week 11 | 0.76 (0.04) | 0.78 (0.04) | Time | 3.795 (0.026)* | ||
| Week 22 | 0.71 (0.04) | 0.73 (0.04) | -0.20 [-0.79 – 0.39] |
|||
|
Community Walking Do you feel confident when walking in the community? |
Week 0 | No = 10 Yes = 16 |
No = 11 Yes = 12 |
Group | 0.589W (0.443) | N/A |
| Week 11 | No = 7 Yes = 17 |
No = 4 Yes = 17 |
Time | 9.643W(0.008)* | ||
| Week 22 | No = 5 Yes = 19 |
No = 2 Yes = 18 |
Interact | 12.673W(0.027)* | ||
DT-TT: Dual Task Treadmill Training, CT-TT: Control Treadmill Training, SEM: Standard error of the mean, TMW-DT: two minute walk test with distraction, interact: interaction.
w
Wald Chi Square test value. Significance level for statistical testing.
**
p < 0.01.
*
p < 0.05.
#
0.05 < p < 0.10.