Table 5.
Characteristics of studies focused on Race/Ethnicity.
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First author (year)1 | Sample description | Data years | N (% female)2 | Study description & main findings | Tobacco product | Scientific domains |
| Higgins et al. (2016) | U.S. National Sample | 2011–2013 | 114,426 (19%) | Three years of cross-sectional NSDUH3 survey data were pooled to examine risk factors for current smoking. Age, gender, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, poverty, alcohol use disorders, substance use disorders and mental illness were all independently associated with smoking; effects of risk-factor combinations were typically summative. | Cigarettes | Behavior |
| White et al. (2016) | U.S. National Sample | 2012 | 37,869 (51.9%) | Cross-sectional NSDUH study examined risk factors for current cigarette and SLT4 use. Past year diagnosis of major depressive disorder and other demographic characteristics increased odds of smoking but not SLT use. Cigarette smoking was lower in Hispanic and Asian groups and higher in Native American and multiracial groups (vs Whites). The only race/ethnicity group more likely to use SLT than Whites were Native Americans. | Cigarettes, SLT | Behavior |
| Higgins et al. (2017a) | U.S. National Sample | 2011–2013 | 114,426 (NR)5 | Three years of cross-sectional NSDUH survey data were pooled to examine risk factors for smoking higher-vs. lower-nicotine yield cigarettes. Age, gender, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, poverty, substance use disorders and mental illness were independent risk factors for using higher-nicotine cigarettes, and use of higher-nicotine cigarettes increased risk for nicotine dependence. | Cigarettes | Addiction, Behavior |
| White et al. (2018) | African Americans in Mississippi | 2000–2013 | 2991 (56.1%) | Longitudinal analysis of Jackson Heart Study participants examining associations between smoking and developing diabetes mellitus among those without diabetes at baseline. Heavy smoking (20 or more cigarettes per day) and pack-years were associated with increased risk of developing diabetes mellitus. | Cigarettes | Health Effects |
| Shang et al. (2017) | Nationally representative sample from 18 different countries | 2008–2013 | 215, 655 (52.3%) | Data from 18 countries in the Global Adult Tobacco Survey were linked with warning label requirements from the MPOWER database. Prominent GHWs6 were associated with a 10% lower cigarette smoking prevalence among less educated respondents. Results suggest that such warnings, if applied globally, could reduce health disparities associated with cigarette smoking. | Cigarettes | Impact Analysis, Communications |
| Lopez et al. (2018) | U.S. National sample of women of reproductive age | 2013–2014 | 12,848 (100%) | Nationally representative, cross-sectional study of women of reproductive age examining prevalence and correlates of a wide range of tobacco products. Non-Hispanic Whites were more likely to use cigarettes and e-cigarettes vs. their counterparts in other race/ethnicity groups. However, cigar and hookah use were higher among all other race/ethnicity groups (non-Hispanic Black, Other, Hispanic) versus non-Hispanic Whites. | Cigarettes, ENDS7, Cigars, SLT, Snus, Pipe, Dissolvable, Hookah | Behavior |
| Roberts et al. (2016a) | U.S. National Sample | 1995–2006 | 4766 (53%) | Examined late onset smoking among African Americas using the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States. Late-onset smoking was common among African Americans, but not protective against later cessation or mortality outcomes. | Cigarettes | Behavior, Health Effects |
| Chivers et al. (2016) | Non-pregnant women recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk | 2014 | 800 (100%) | Online survey of non-pregnant women examining impulsivity and so cio demo graphic risk factors for e-cigarette use among cigarette smokers versus never-smokers. E-cigarette use among smokers was associated with increased nicotine dependence and attempts to quit smoking, whereas e-cigarette use among never-smokers was associated with greater impulsivity and illicit drug use. Whites had higher odds of daily cigarette smoking vs other race/ethnicity groups. | Cigarettes, ENDS | Addiction, Behavior |
| Brasky et al. (2018) | Rural and Urban tobacco users in Ohio | 2014–2016 | 1210 (44%) | Prospective cohort of users of combustible, SLT, and/or ENDS in rural and urban areas. SLT, ENDS, or dual product users were more likely to be white, ENDS and dual users were younger, and SLT users were almost all men and much more prevalent in rural than urban areas. | Cigarettes, ENDS, SLT | Addiction, Behavior |
| Lee et al. (2015) | FDA warning letters from advertising and labeling inspections | 2014 | 718 warning letters | Cross-sectional study of neighborhood characteristics and retailer noncompliance with FDA advertising and regulation inspections. Regulated tobacco products were more likely to be stored behind the counter in African American and Hispanic/Latino neighborhoods, and single cigarettes were more available in neighborhoods with increased African Americans, young people, and individuals living below poverty. | Any tobacco | Impact Analysis, Marketing Influences |
| Roberts et al. (2015) | Rural and Urban stores | 2014 | 199 stores (50% rural) | Observational study examined and compared external, point-of-sale exposure to tobacco marketing in rural vs urban areas. Promotions for e-cigarettes and advertising for menthol cigarettes, cigarillos, and cigars were more likely in urban, particularly highly disadvantaged, African American communities. | Cigarettes, ENDS, Cigars, Cigarillos, SLT | Impact Analysis, Marketing Influences |
| Sims et al. (2016) | African American cohort in Mississippi | 2000–2004 | 4939 (63%) | Examined the relationship between perceived discrimination and cigarette smoking (along with other health behaviors such as sleep and dietary fat) in a large cohort of African Americans. Everyday discrimination was associated with higher levels of smoking in men and women. Burden of discrimination was associated with higher levels of smoking in women. | Cigarettes | Behavior |
| Leigh et al. (2017) | Cohort of Hispanic/Latinos in 4 U.S. metropolitan areas | 2008–2011 | 1818 (57.4%) | Cohort study examining the relationship between cigarette smoking and cardiac structure and function conducted among Hispanic/Latinos. Results showed a dose-response relationship between intensity and duration of smoking and worsening measures of left and right ventricular structure and function. | Cigarettes | Behavior, Health Effects |
| Hall et al. (2016) | African American cohort in Mississippi | NR | 3648 (NR) | Longitudinal study of large African American cohort (the Jackson Heart Study) evaluating the relation between cigarette smoking and rapid renal function (RRF). Current smokers had higher incidence of RRF decline than never smokers, even after controlling for other risk factors (i.e., sex, body mass index, diabetes, hypertension, cholesterol, physical activity, education, alcohol consumption, and prevalent cardiovascular disease). | Cigarettes | Health Effects |
| Garcia et al. (2016) | Vape shop employees in Los Angeles | 2014 | 77 (14%) | Examined nicotine handling by vape shop customers and employees in African American, Hispanic, Korean and non-Hispanic White communities in Southern California. A majority of shop employees reported spills of e-liquid with nicotine and handling nicotine without safety equipment. This study highlighted the need for appropriate employee safety trainings in vape shops and equipment that could prevent accidental exposure among both customers and employees. | ENDS | Impact Analysis, Toxicity, Health Effects, Communications |
| Kamimura et al. (2018) | African American cohort in Mississippi | 2000–2012 | 4129 (63%) | Examined cigarette smoking and cardiac dysfunction among a longitudinal cohort of African Americans who participated in the Jackson Heart Study. Cigarette smoking independently predicted later hospitalization for heart failure and worsening cardiac structure and function, even after controlling for coronary heart disease. | Cigarettes | Health Effects |
| Murphy et al. (2017) | 1146 smokers (34% African American) | 2016 | Study 1, 795 (42.6%) Study 2, 651 (41.3%) | UGT2B10 (a protein-coding gene) activity was phenotyped by measuring the percentage of cotinine excreted as a glucuronide. Higher cotinine concentrations among African-American smokers were due to lower levels of UGT2B10-catalyzed cotinine glucuronidation. | Cigarettes | Addiction, Toxicity |
| Choi et al. (2017) | African American and European American smokers and non-smokers | 1999–2012 | 5040 (54.31%) | Cross-sectional study investigating the relationship between personality traits, cigarette smoking and nicotine dependence. Personality factors (e.g., higher neuroticism and agreeableness) had greater influence among African Americans versus European Americans, and a broader range of personality factors predicted higher levels of nicotine dependence among African Americans. | Cigarettes | Addiction |
| Baezconde-Garb anati et al. (2017) | Key opinion leaders and tobacco retailers in California | 2016 | 10 focus groups (n?=?88) | Examined key opinion leaders and tobacco retailers from diverse race/ethnicity groups (African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic Americans, Korean and non-Hispanic Whites) in Los Angeles to assess retailers’ compliance with regulatory processes. Results highlighted need for use of culturally and linguistically appropriate messaging when communicating with retailers. | Any tobacco | Impact Analysis, Marketing Influences |
| Cohn et al. (2018) | U.S. National Sample | 2013–2014 | NR | Used data from Wave 1 of the PATH8 study to examine correlates of menthol smoking among the top three cigarette brands, effects of menthol smoking on harm perceptions of one’s usual brand cigarettes, and interactions with demographic variables. Menthol smokers were more likely to view their own brand as more harmful than other brands vs non-menthol smokers, with race and gender moderating the association between menthol brand preference and harm perceptions. | Cigarettes | Addiction, Behavior |
| Garcia et al. (2016) | Vape shops in Los Angeles | 2014 | 77 vape shops | Documented characteristics of vape shops via employee interviews and in-store observations. A majority of vape shops had advertisements for e-cigarettes and offered discounts. Vape shops in Hispanic communities were most likely to have ethnic-specific marketing material, and shops in Korean and White communities were most likely to have customer accessible free samples. | ENDS | Impact Analysis, Marketing Influences |
1
Shared superscripts indicate shared samples across studies.
2
All of the studies described the gender/sex breakdown of their participants as male and/or female or as men and/or women. The studies did not address whether participants self-reported their assigned sex at birth and/or their gender identity at the time of the survey.
3
National Survey on Drug Use and Health.
4
Smokeless tobacco.
5
Not reported or could not be determined.
6
Graphic Health Warnings.
7
Electronic Nicotine Delivery System.
8
Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health.