Table 6.
Characteristics of studies focused on Rural Residence.
| Rural residence | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First author (year)1 | SampleDescription | Data years | N (% female)2 | Study description & main findings | Tobacco product | Scientific domains |
| Cepeda-Benito et al. (2018) | U.S. National Sample | 2007–2014 | 303,311 (54%) | Eight years of cross-sectional NSDUH3 survey data were pooled to predict adjusted and unadjusted smoking trends among men and women by rural vs urban residence. Prevalence declined in all groups except rural women, a pattern that remained when controlling for other risk factors. | Cigarettes | Behavior |
| Doogan et al. (2017) | U.S. National Sample | 2007–2014 | 303,311 (54%) | Eight years of cross-sectional NSDUH survey data were pooled to predict adjusted and unadjusted smoking trends in rural vs urban areas. Prevalence declined faster in urban relative to rural areas, and this difference persisted even when controlling for other risk factors. | Cigarettes | Behavior |
| Roberts et al. (2017) | U.S. National Sample | 2013–2014 | 32,320 (52%) | Compared prevalence of using traditional and emerging tobacco products using Wave 1 of the PATH4 Study. Dual use of traditional tobacco products was more prevalent in rural than urban areas. Although emerging tobacco products were more prevalent among urban than rural sub populations (e.g., e-cigarettes among men, hookah among women), rural/urban status did not reliably predict single or dual use of emerging tobacco products when adjusting for sociodemographic covariates. | Cigarettes, ENDS5, Cigars, Cigarillos, SLT6, Pipes, Hookah | Behavior |
| Nemeth et al. (2018) | Rural women in Ohio | 2012–2013 | 401 (100%) | Cross-sectional data were used to examine risk factors for cigarette use. Younger age, greater depressive symptom severity, greater normative acceptance of smoking, and greater neighborhood cohesion increased the risks of smoking. | Cigarettes | Addiction, Behavior |
| Brasky et al. (2018) | Rural and Urban tobacco users in Ohio | 2014–2016 | 1210 (44%) | Prospective cohort of users of combustible, SLT, and/or ENDS in rural and urban areas. SLT, ENDS, or dual product users were more likely to be white, ENDS and dual users were younger, and SLT users were almost all men and much more prevalent in rural than urban areas. | Cigarettes, ENDS, SLT | Addiction, Behavior |
| Klein et al. (2015) | Rural smokers in Ohio | 2013 | 296 (66%) | Experimental study comparing effectiveness of text only vs text? +?GHWs7 imbedded within cigarette advertisements. GHW messages attracted more attention and generated greater message recall than text-only labels. | Cigarettes | Impact Analysis |
| Roberts et al. (2015) | Rural and Urban stores | 2014 | 199 stores (50% rural) | Observational study examined and compared external, point-of-sale exposure to tobacco marketing in rural vs urban areas. Promotions for e-cigarettes and advertising for menthol cigarettes, cigarillos, and cigars were more likely in urban, particularly highly disadvantaged, African American communities. | Cigarettes, ENDS, Cigars, Cigarillos, SLT | Impact Analysis, Marketing Influences |
| Roberts et al. (2016a) | U.S. National Sample | 2012–2013 | 136,147 | Pooled NSDUH cross-sectional surveys to track use of traditional tobacco products broken down by (a) US major geographical regions, (b) rural and urban divisions, and (c) poverty status. Smoking and SLT was more prevalent in rural than urban areas, but prevalence varied by US independently of income. | Cigarettes, Cigars, SLT, Pipes | Behavior |
| Curry et al. (2017) | Rural tobacco users in Ohio | 2012–2013 | 240 (63%) | Longitudinal study among a convenience sample of smokers enrolled in cessation treatment. ENDS use was negatively associated with quitting success. | Cigarettes, ENDS | Addiction, Behavior |
| Doogan et al. (2018) | Rural and Urban tobacco users in Ohio | 2014–2016 | 81 (62%) | Participants reported their tobacco purchases on a smartphone application. Average distance from home to a tobacco outlet was greater for rural relative to urban tobacco users. Among smokers, price promotions progressively and substantively increased purchasing quantities the further away tobacco outlets were from home. Conversely, promotion of SLT products increased purchasing quantity equally from near and far away outlets. | Cigarettes, SLT | Impact Analysis, Marketing Influences |
| Davison et al. (2016) | Rural smokers in Ohio | 2013 | 296 (66%) | Survey study of a convenience sample of smokers reporting that over 70% of their sample endorsed ever consuming an energy drink, a prevalence rate that is substantively higher than those reported in energy drink studies using general community samples. | Cigarettes | Behavior |
| Klein et al. (2017) | Rural SLT users in Ohio | 2013–2014 | 142 (0%) | Experimental study comparing effectiveness of text only vs text? +?GHWs imbedded within SLT products. GHW messages attracted more attention and generated greater message recall than text-only labels. | SLT | Impact Analysis, Communications |
| Roberts et al. (2016a) | Rural smokers in Ohio | 2013 | 295 (66%) | Experimental study comparing effectiveness of text only vs text? +?GHWs imbedded within cigarette advertisements. Beliefs about smoking risks, quitting history, and cigarettes per day did not correlate with the relative time smokers spent viewing cigarette advertisement GHWs, and age was negatively associated to the attention paid to GHWs. | Cigarettes | Addiction, Impact Analysis, Communications |
1
Shared superscripts indicate shared samples across studies.
2
All of the studies described the gender/sex breakdown of their participants as male and/or female or as men and/or women. The studies did not address whether participants self-reported their assigned sex at birth and/or their gender identity at the time of the survey.
3
National Survey on Drug Use and Health.
4
Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health.
5
Electronic Nicotine Delivery System.
6
Smokeless tobacco.
7
Graphic Health Warnings.