Figure 2.

Regulation of programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) expression in the context of DNA damage‐induced signaling in cancer cells. PD‐L1 expression is differentially regulated by neoantigens, cyclic GMP‐AMP synthase (cGAS)/stimulator of interferon genes (STING), ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related (ATR)/checkpoint kinase (Chk1), and the damage‐associated molecular pattern pathways in cancer cells. ATM, ataxia‐telangiectasia mutated; DSB, double‐strand break; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; HR, homologous recombination; IFN, interferon; IFNAR, interferon alpha/beta receptor; IFNGR, interferon gamma receptor; IRF, interferon regulatory factor