Table 3.
Pooled multivariate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervalsa for the association between meat consumption (frequency) and colorectal cancer in women
| Meat types | Meat intake in frequency | P for trend | Heterogeneityc P, I 2 (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <1 time/wk | 1‐2 times/wk | 3‐4 times/wka | Almost every day | |||
| Colorectal cancer | ||||||
| Beef | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.99 (0.89‐1.11) | 1.07 (0.88‐1.31) | 1.19 (0.67‐2.12) | .78 | .51, 0.0 |
| Pork | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.06 (0.91‐1.24) | 1.12 (0.98‐1.29) | 1.03 (0.75‐1.41) | .44 | .46, 0.0 |
| Processed red meat | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.06 (0.95‐1.17) | 1.11 (0.94‐1.30) | 1.33 (1.001‐1.76) | .12 | .40, 1.3 |
| Chicken | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.94 (0.85‐1.05) | 0.89 (0.76‐1.03) | 1.01 (0.68‐1.49) | .07 | .49, 0.0 |
| Colon cancer | ||||||
| Beef | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.96 (0.84‐1.09) | 1.03 (0.82‐1.31) | 1.16 (0.55‐2.47) | .66 | .42, 0.0 |
| Pork | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.02 (0.89‐1.18) | 1.16 (0.99‐1.37) | 0.91 (0.62‐1.35) | .45 | .57, 0.0 |
| Processed red meat | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.05 (0.93‐1.19) | 1.17 (0.98‐1.40) | 1.39 (0.97‐2.00) | .04 | .34, 12.3 |
| Chicken | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.96 (0.85‐1.08) | 1.00 (0.76‐1.32) | 0.98 (0.54‐1.75) | .20 | .30, 17.8 |
| Rectal cancer | ||||||
| Beef | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.10 (0.89‐1.35) | 1.23 (0.83‐1.80) | 2.12 (0.86‐5.18) | .19 | .99, 0.0 |
| Pork | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.10 (0.90‐1.34) | 1.04 (0.80‐1.35) | 1.38 (0.81‐2.35) | .78 | .76, 0.0 |
| Processed red meat | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.07 (0.89‐1.29) | 0.98 (0.63‐1.53) | 1.17 (0.69‐2.00) | .75 | .92, 0.0 |
| Chicken | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.91 (0.72‐1.15) | 0.89 (0.62‐1.27) | 1.43 (0.56‐3.70) | .43 | .19, 37.6 |
| Proximal colon cancer | ||||||
| Beef | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.94 (0.79‐1.13) | 1.13 (0.83‐1.53) | .77 | .65, 0.0 | |
| Pork | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.94 (0.79‐1.11) | 0.98 (0.80‐1.19) | .63 | .81, 0.0 | |
| Processed red meat | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.05 (0.89‐1.24) | 1.20 (0.87‐1.65) | .54 | .05, 48.4 | |
| Chicken | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.96 (0.82‐1.13) | 0.74 (0.56‐0.97) | .05 | .30, 16.2 | |
| Distal colon cancer | ||||||
| Beef | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.07 (0.85‐1.33) | 1.31 (0.90‐1.91) | .53 | .65, 0.0 | |
| Pork | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.29 (0.97‐1.73) | 1.44 (1.10‐1.87) | .07 | .88, 0.0 | |
| Processed red meat | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.11 (0.84‐1.47) | 1.30 (0.99‐1.71) | .15 | .98, 0.0 | |
| Chicken | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.96 (0.78‐1.20) | 1.25 (0.94‐1.65) | .61 | .89, 0.0 | |
Adjusted for age (years, continuous), area, history of diabetes (yes or no), body mass index (14 to <18.5, 18.5 to <22, 22 to <25, 25 to <30, or 30 to <40 kg/m2), smoking status (never smoker, past smoker, or current smoker), alcohol drinking (never/former drinker, occasional drinker of <once/wk, or current drinker of <23 or ≥23 ethanol g/d), non‐occupational physical activity (Japan Public Health Center‐based Prospective Study I and II, almost never, 1‐3 d/mo, or ≥1 d/wk; Japan Collaborative Cohort Study, Miyagi Cohort Study, and Ohsaki National Health Insurance Cohort Study, almost never or ≥1 h/wk), log‐transformed energy intake (continuous), calcium (quartiles), and fiber (quartiles).
Pooled estimate was obtained by combining “3‐4 times/wk” and “almost every day” categories for proximal and distal colon cancer.
For the highest category.
Ref., reference.
HRs values in bold show statistical significance.