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. 2019 Nov 1;9:15867. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-52416-x

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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In vivo and in vitro stages of F. hepatica under investigation. Stably expressed reference genes were identified for the comparison of gene expression of (A) newly excysted juveniles (NEJs), immature and adult worms, i.e. stages relevant for the mammalian host; and (B) NEJs and in vitro-cultured juvenile worms, which are frequently studied as part of drug testing or knockdown of gene expression.