Table 2.
Uptake inhibitor overview
| Inhibitor | Uptake pathway inhibited | Mechanism of action | Dose |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dynasore | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis | Dynamin inhibitor—prevents fission and internalization of clathrin coated vesicles | 100 µM |
| Wortmannin | Macropinocytosis | Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor—PI3K is involved in a variety of actin-dependent processes associated with macropinocytosis | 100 nM |
| 5-(N-thyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride (EIPA) | Macropinocytosis | NA+/H+ exchange inhibitor—lowers submembranous pH and prevents Rac1 and Cdc42 signaling | 50 µM |
| Cytochalasin D | Macropinocytosis | Binds to actin, altering and decreasing actin polymerization | 50 µM |
| Methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) | Lipid raft-mediated endocytosis | Sequesters and depletes cholesterol from cell membranes | 5 mM |
| Dextran sulfate | Scavenger receptor-mediated endocytosis | Competitively binds to scavenger receptors | 100 µg/mL |
| Latrunculin A | Immunological/macrophage phagocytosis | Red sea sponge toxin that binds monomeric actin and prevents actin polymerization | 50 µM |
The uptake pathways affected by and underlying mechanism of action of the range of uptake inhibitors utilized