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. 2019 Nov 1;9:15844. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-50538-w

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Biodistribution and tumor localization studies. (A) Quantitative biodistribution of t-NP in tumor and various organs were measured by ICP-MS following its i.v.-administration in Capan1 tumor-bearing mice (n = 5). At 24 h, maximum tumor accumulation was noticed with comparably less accumulation in other vital organs. (B) Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy imaging was performed to qualitatively estimate the intratumoral distribution of t-NP. The symbols correspond to, Au – Gold (indicative of t-NP), Fe – Iron (a surrogate marker for tumor blood vessels) and P – Phosphorus. The presence of Au from t-NP and Fe from the heme of RBCs conveyed specific imaging signals. A complete tumor analysis from tumor periphery to the core demonstrate heterogeneous distribution of nanoparticles. 24 h tumor samples exhibit maximum t-NP distribution, and Au was observed in close proximity to the tumor blood vessel signal (red). (C) High-magnification LIBS imaging revealed substantial overlap of Au and Fe in a 24 h tumor sample. (D) Real-time spectral analysis demonstrated a corresponding peak for Au (yellow) at 267.595 nm and confirmed its intratumoral accumulation in an h-PDAC tumor model.