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. 2019 Nov 1;9:15835. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-50963-x

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cell type-specific marker analysis between bronchial and nasal epithelium. In panels of this figure, we investigate the difference in cell-type composition. Panel (A) shows the expression profile of genes identified in recent single-cell profiling of human lungs²³ in a form of heatmap stratified by tissue type and smoking status. Bronchial epithelium shows higher expression of genes that mark Ciliated and Club cells, while nasal tissue exhibits higher expression of genes characteristic for Goblet cells. Within tissue expression patterns of marker genes is similar between smoker and never smokers where apparent difference can be observed only at the level of individual genes (e.g. MUC5B or CEACAM5). Panel (B) GSVA of ciliated and goblet cell genes from match nasal and bronchial brushes. The scatter plot shows the overall lower GSVA scores of different gene sets attributed to Ciliated cells in nasal samples and the overall higher GSVA scores of gene sets corresponding to Goblet cells.