Table 1.

Overview of securely dated chemically and spectrometrically identified MP hafting adhesives currently known from Europe, the Levant, and contemporary southern African adhesives

Country	Site	Material	Adhesive identification	Date	Dating method	Reference(s)
Italy	Campitello Quarry	2 flint flakes with birch tar	GC/MS	>191 ka	Biochronostratigraphic based on micromammals	(14)
Syria	Umm El Tlel	11 flint Levallois products with bitumen	GC/MS	∼71 ka	Thermoluminescence of associated heated flints	(18, 19)
Syria	Hummal	1 Mousterian point, 1 (atypical) Levallois flake, and 1 broken Levallois point with bitumen	Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, confocal Raman microscopy, GC/MS	50 to 80 ka	Associated with Tabun B-type Mousterian assemblage	(17, 20)
Germany	Königsaue	2 lumps of birch tar	GC/MS	>43 and >48 ka	AMS on tar	(15, 21)
The Netherlands	Zandmotor	1 flint flake partially covered in birch tar	Thermally assisted hydrolysis-pyrolysis-GC/MS	∼50 ka	AMS on tar	This study
Italy	Fossellone Cave	2 flint scrapers and 1 quartzite flake with pine resin, 1 flint scraper with pine resin and beeswax	GC/MS	55 to 40 ka	Maximum and minimum ages provided by luminescence and 14C-dating of layers 21 and 26 (adhesives derive from layer 23α)	(5)
Italy	Sant’Agostino Cave	5 flint scrapers, 1 Levallois flake with pine resin	GC/MS	∼43 ka	Layer A1 dated by electron spin resonance	(5)
South Africa	Diepkloof Rock Shelter	1 Late Howiesons Poort quartz flake with Podocarpus resin	GC/MS	∼60 to 55 ka	Level SU George dated by thermoluminescence and OSL	(22)
South Africa	Border Cave	2 chalcedony bladelet fragments, 1 scaled chalcedony piece with Podocarpus tar	GC/MS	∼43 ka; ∼40 ka	Layer 1BS Lower B + C charcoal dated by AMS; level 1BS LR pitch on microlith dated by AMS	(23)
South Africa	Sibudu	2 Howiesons Poort segments with Podocarpus resin	GC/MS	∼65 to 62 ka	Layers GR and PGS dated by OSL	(24)