Fig. 1.

Material culture as a basis for inferences about language and cognition. (A) Neolithic stone circle at Stonehenge, England. (B) Upper Paleolithic tectiform sign from El Castillo Cave, Spain. (C) Middle Paleolithic stalagmite circle at Bruniquel Cave, France. Reprinted with permission from M. Soulier/Société Spéléo-Archéologique de Caussade. (D) Middle Paleolithic scalariform sign from La Pasiega, Spain. If A and B, which were made by anatomically modern people, imply language and cognitive capacities like those of present-day humans, so too should C and D, which were made by Neandertal people.