Fig. 1.
Malaria and forest cover are highest in the interior of the Brazilian Amazon, while active deforestation and aerosol pollution peak at the interface between the forest interior and outer Amazonian states. (A) The states encompassing the legal Amazon region with “microregion” boundaries, where the interior region is in dark blue and the outer Amazonian region is in light blue. (B) Plasmodium vivax malaria incidence (cases per 1,000 population). (C) P. falciparum malaria incidence (cases per 1,000 population). (D) Deforestation (square kilometers of forest lost). (E) Forest cover (percentage). (F) Mean September aerosol pollution. Data in B–F are mapped by municipality for the year 2008, the midpoint of the study. Municipality boundaries are from 2010.