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. 2019 Oct 14;116(44):22307–22313. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1905238116

Fig. 5.

Fig. 5.

Effect of lactate on growth, gene expression, and survival of the RhAa-ltxP530 strain. (A) Increased biofilm layering (Congo red staining). (B) Elevated growth (crystal violet staining). (C) Increased live/dead cell ratios for the RhAa-ltxP530 strain grown in l-lactate (L)–supplemented media compared with dextrose (D) under anaerobic conditions. RhAa3 showed identical results, which are shown in SI Appendix, Fig. S5. (D) Level of virulent gene expression when RhAa-ltxP530 was grown in media supplemented with l-lactate as compared with dextrose. Growth was significantly higher in cells grown on l-lactate as compared with dextrose. Images were analyzed by calculating the live/dead cell ratio (propidium iodide/live and SYTO9/total) (SI Appendix, Fig. S4). The ratio of live cells was significantly higher in lactate media compared with dextrose. Differences were calculated by the Student’s t test (*P < 0.05).