Table 1.
Study level characteristics of 22 included studies
| Study ID | Included Jurisdiction with a PMP | Study Population | Study Design | Outcome Groups | Outcome Data Source, Years |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ali 2017 [24] | All states except MO and DC | general population | Pooled Cross-sectional Logit and generalized linear models | illicit opioid usea, opioid dependencea | National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), 2004–2014 |
| Birk 2017 [43] b | All states that established PMPs between 1998 and 2012 | general population, opioid-related deaths | Controlled interrupted time series | opioid-related care outcomes, opioid-related adverse events | Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS), 1998–2012; National Vital Statistics System (NVSS), 1999–2012 |
| Branham 2018 [27] b | AL, AZ, CO, CT, IN, IA, LA, ME, MN, MS, NV, NM, NC, ND, OH, SC, TN, UT, VT, VA, WV, WY | people who use drugs admitted to treatment | Controlled interrupted time series | opioid-related care outcomesa | TEDS, 1992–2012 |
| Dave 2017 [44] b | AK, AZ, AR, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, IA, KS, LA, ME, MD, MN, MS, MT, NE, NH, NJ, NM, NC, ND, OH, OR, SC, SD, TN, WA, WI, WY, VT, VA | general population | Controlled interrupted time series | opioid-related care outcomes | TEDS, 2003–2014 |
| Delcher 2015 [50]c | FL | drug-related deaths | Controlled interrupted time series | opioid-related adverse eventsa | Florida Medical Examiners Commission, 2003–2012 |
| Kim 2013 [51] | AL, AZ, CA, CO, CT, IL, IN, LA, ME, MI, MS, NM, NC, ND, OH, OK, SC, TN, VA, WV, NY, HI, ID, OA, RI, TX, MA, NV, UT, WY, KY | general population | Interrupted time series | opioid-related adverse events | CDC Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (WONDER); 1999–2008 |
| Kinsell 2015 [40] c | NY, FL | general population | Controlled before and after/ Difference-in-difference approach | opioid-related adverse eventsa, opioid-related care outcomesa | CDC WONDER & Florida Medical Examiner Drug Related Death Data & Florida Agency for Health Care Administration & New York State Inpatient Databases (SID)/ State Emergency Department Databases (SEDD), 2009–2012 |
| Li 2014 [52] | MI, VA, NY, ME, MS, NC, CA, MA, TX, AZ, SC, TN, IL, RI, CO, CT, OH, AL, LA, OK, HI, ID, NM, KY, IN, UT, PA, WV, WY, ND, NV | general population | Controlled interrupted time series | opioid-related adverse events | NVSS, 1999–2008 |
| Mallatt 2017 [55] c |
NSDUH: 49 states (excluding MO) ARCOS: AK, AL, AR, AZ, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, HI, IA, ID, IL, IN, KS, KY, LA, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MS, MT, NC, ND, NE, NH, NJ, NM, NV, NY, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VA, VT, WA, WI, West VA, WY NIBRS: 26 states |
general population | Repeated cross-sectional (NSDUH); interrupted time series (NIBRS & ARCOS) | opioid-related legal and criminal outcomesa | National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS), 2004–2014 |
| Maughan 2015 [25] c | Detroit, Phoenix, San Francisco, Denver, Chicago, Boston, Miami, Minneapolis, New York City | general population | Generalized Estimate Equations with repeated measures | opioid-related care outcomes | eDrug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN), 2004–2011 |
| McLaughlin 2016 [28] | AL, AZ, CA, CO, CT, IL, IN, IA, LA, ME, MI, MN, MS, NE, NM, NC, ND, OH, OK, SC, TN, VT, VA, WV, AK, NY, HI, ID, PA, RI, TX, MA, NJ, DE, NV, OR, UT, WA, WY, KS, SD, WI, FL, KY, MT | general population | Repeated cross sectional | illicit opioid usea | NSDUH, 2004–2012 |
| Meara 2016 [48] | AL, AZ, CA, CO, CT, IL, IN, IA, LA, ME, MI, MN, MS, NE, NM, NC, ND, OH, OK, SC, TN, VT, VA, WV, AK, NY, HI, ID, PA, RI, TX, MA, NJ, DE, NV, OR, UT, WA, WY, WY, SD, WI, FL, KY, MT | insured population | Cohort; before and after | opioid-related adverse events | Medicare Provider Analysis and Review (MEDPAR), Outpatient, Carrier, and Medicare Beneficiary Summary files, 2006–2012 |
| Meinhofer 2017 [53] | AL, AK, AZ, AR, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, IA, WY, LA, ME, MD, MN, MS, MT, NE, NJ, NM, NC, ND, OH, OR, SC, SD, TN, VT, VA, WA, WI WY | general population | Interrupted time series | opioid-related adverse eventsa | NVSS, 2000–2013 |
| Nam 2017 [45] c | AL, AZ, CO, CT, IA, LA, ME, MN, MS, NC, ND, NM, OH, SC, TN, VA, VT, WV, WY | general population | Interrupted time series | opioid-related adverse eventsa | CDC WONDER, 1999–2014 |
| Patrick 2016 [47] b | WA, OR, AZ, NM, CO, WY, MT, SD, NE, WY, MN, IA, AR, LA, MS, AL, GA, FL, SC, NC, TN, VA, WV, OH, MD, DE, NJ, CT, VT, ME, AK, ND, WI, KY | general population | Controlled interrupted time series | opioid-related adverse events | CDC WONDER, 1999–2013 |
| Paulozzi 2011 [46] | CA, HI, ID, IL, IN, KY, ME, MA, MI, NV, NM, NY, OK, PA, TX, UT, VA, WV, WY | general population | Controlled interrupted time series | opioid-related adverse events | CDC WONDER, 1999–2005 |
| Pauly 2018 [49] | 48 states (all but MO and PA), and DC | insured population | Interrupted time series | opioid-related adverse events | Truven Health Marketscan claims database, 2004–2014 |
| Radakrishnan 2015 [39] b | All that fall into 1992–2011 | general population | Interrupted time series/ Repeated cross section | opioid-related care outcomesa, opioid-related adverse eventsa | TEDS, 1992–2010; NVSS, 1999–2010 |
| Reifler 2012 [42] c | CT, MA, ME, NY, PA, RI, AZ, CA, CO, HI, ID, NV, UT, WY, IA, IL, IN, MI, ND, OH, AL, KY, MS, NC, OK, SC, TN, TX, VA, WV, WA | general population | Controlled interrupted time series | opioid-related adverse events, opioid-related care outcomesa | Researched Abuse Diversion and Addiction-Related Surveillance System (RADARS), 2003–2009 |
| Reisman 2009 [19] | CA, HI, IL, IN, MA, MI, NY, OK, TX, ID, KY, NV, RI, UT | people who use drugs admitted to treatment | Cross-sectional (with interrupted time series) | opioid-related care outcomes | TEDS, 2003 |
| Simeone 2006 [41] | 20 states | general population | Prospective cohort study | opioid-related care outcomes | TEDS, 1997 & 2003 |
| Surratt 2014 [26] c | FL | general population | Interrupted time series | opioid-related legal and criminal outcomes | RADARS, 2009–2012 |
aindicated outcome is available for heroin
b study only includes states with PMPs implemented during the study period
c study only focuses on some PMP states or jurisdictions within a country by choice, due to analytic constrictions, or due to availability of data
AL Alabama, AK Alaska, AZ Arizona, AR Arkansas, CA California, CO Colorado, CT Connecticut, DE Delaware, FL Florida, GA Georgia, HI Hawaii, ID Idaho, IL Illinois, IN Indiana, IA Iowa, KS Kansas, KY Kentucky, LA Louisiana, ME Maine, MD Maryland, MA Massachusetts, MI Michigan, MN Minnesota, MS Mississippi, MO Missouri, MT Montana, NE Nebraska, NV Nevada, NH New Hampshire, NJ New Jersey, NM New Mexico, NY New York, NC North Carolina, ND North Dakota, OH Ohio, OK Oklahoma, OR Oregon, PA Pennsylvania, RI Rhode Island, SC South Carolina, SD South Dakota, TN Tennessee, TX Texas, UT Utah, VT Vermont, VA Virginia, WA Washington, WV West Virginia, WI Wisconsin, WY Wyoming, DC District of Columbia