Table 5.

Factors associated with being at or above one-to-three ANC visits among pregnant women in Ethiopia (N = 6954)

Predictors		N	Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)
			Being at or above one-to-three ANC visits
Level-1 predictor variables
Husbands’ or partners’ education	No education	4171	1
	Primary	1903	1.526 (1.322, 1.763)
	Secondary	567	2.023 (1.650, 2.480)
	Higher	313	1.72 (1.457, 2.107)
Wealth quintile	Lowest	2264	1
	Second	1157	2.004 (1.591, 2.524)
	Middle	1007	2.273 (1.786, 2.892)
	Fourth	895	3.107 (2.421, 3.987)
	Highest	1631	3.483 (2.650, 4.578)
Number of living children			0.929 (0.897, 0.962)
Autonomy in own personal healthcare decision making	Respondent alone	1134	1
	Joint decision	4063	0.995 (0.844, 1.174)
	Husband/partner alone	1757	0.763 (0.634, 0.919)
Nature of pregnancy	Wanted	5516	1
	Unwanted	1438	0.803 (0.692, 0.930)
Level-2 predictor variables
Residence	Urban	1512	1
	Rural	5442	0.525 (0.415, 0.663)
General service readiness	Health facility management system		1.016 (0.344, 3.003)
	Health facility infrastructure		0.957 (0.361, 2.535)
Antenatal care service availability	ANC supplements		4.909 (1.548, 15.569)
Antenatal care service readiness	Skilled care		1.564 (0.617, 3.962)
	Diagnostic service		1.951 (0.768, 4.957)
Average distance to the nearest health facility			0.982 (0.968, 0.995)
Random effects (Error variance)
Var (Husbands’ or partners’ education)			0.005 (0.001, 16.324)
Var (Wealth quintile)			0.032 (0.015, 0.115)
Var (Number of living children)			0.002 (0.001, 0.018)
Var (Nature of last pregnancy)			0.001 (0.000, 2.400)
Var (Autonomy on her own healthcare decision)			0.007 (0.001, 2.250)
Var (constant) - level-2 variance			0.024 (0.007, 0.692)
Rho – Intra-class correlation			0.0073
Fit statistics (−2 Log Likelihood)			12,857.23

Bold entries have signficant values