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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Nov 2.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Biomed Eng. 2019 Mar 25;3(5):392–401. doi: 10.1038/s41551-019-0372-9

Figure 4.

Figure 4.

Non-invasive imaging of somatosensory-evoked rapid calcium transients in the GCaMP6f-brain in vivo. (A) Temporal sequence of fluorescence-recorded brain activation maps (ΔF/F) in response to the hindpaw current stimulus at t=0. Functional regions of the brain are indicated as dashed white lines. (B) 4D optoacoustically-recorded brain activation maps (ΔOA/OA) in response to the stimulus at t=0. Slices across the entire brain are shown located at different depths from the brain surface. Functional regions of the brain are indicated as dashed white lines. (C) Schematic of the electrical paw stimulation paradigm. One 50 ms long stimulus was repeated every 20 seconds (top panel). Below, representative single-voxel optoacoustic and single-pixel fluorescence time traces are shown. Note that the volumetric optoacoustic recordings (blue) were carried out at a 25Hz rate versus 6.25Hz for planar fluorescence (green). (D) Relative optoacoustic signal increase versus relative fluorescence signal increase for a set of points in the region indicated in red in (A) and for three different time points (160ms, 320ms and 640ms). The maximum of all slices is taken for calculating the relative optoacoustic signal increase. The dashed line of the best fit was determined using a least square method - its slope and coefficient of determination are denoted by m and R2, respectively. (E) Background-subtracted and normalized (ΔF/F) fluorescence signal traces following the stimulus in three pixels located in the primary somatosensory cortex on each hemisphere (1 and 2) and inside the superior sagittal sinus (3). (F) Background-subtracted and normalized (ΔOA/OA) optoacoustic signal response traces for single voxels located bilaterally in the primary somatosensory cortex outside major vessels (voxels 1 and 2, approx. 1mm depth) and inside the superior sagittal sinus (voxel 3). (G) Background-subtracted and normalized (ΔOA/OA) optoacoustic signal traces following the stimulus in control wild-type mice are shown for single voxels at similar locations as in (F).