Table 2.

Results of the muscle assessments for the three age groups

Characteristic	Young(a)		Middle aged(b)		Elderly(c)		p value	Post hoca
	Mean (SD)	95% CI	Mean (SD)	95% CI	Meana	95% CI
ETGUGT, total time-(s)	16.1 (1.4)	15.6–16.7	16.4 (3.1)	15.0–17.8	20.6 (3.6)	19.3–22.0	< 0.001	a, b < c
30-s chair sit-to-stands	20.0 (5.8)	17.7–22.4	17.9 (3.1)	15.3–20.6	12.3 (4.4)	10.7–14.0	< 0.001	a, b < c
Handgrip strength-(kg)	36.7 (10.8)	32.3–41.2	35.4 (9.0)	31.3–39.5	26.3 (10.6)	22.4–30.3	0.001	a, b < c
Knee extension torque-(Nm/kg)	1.9 (0.6)	1.7–2.2	1.5 (0.5)	1.2–1.7	0.8 (0.3)	0.7–0.9	< 0.001	a > b > c
Knee flexion torque-(Nm/kg)	1.0 (0.3)	0.9–1.1	0.9 (0.2)	0.7–1.0	0.5 (0.2)	0.4–0.5	< 0.001	a, b > c
Knee extension power-(W/kg)	1.2 (0.4)	1.0–1.4	0.9 (0.3)	0.7–1.0	0.4 (0.2)	0.4–0.5	< 0.001	a > b > c
Knee flexion power-(W/kg)	0.6 (0.2)	0.5–0.7	0.5 (0.1)	0.4–0.6	0.3 (0.1)	0.2–0.3	< 0.001	a, b > c

^aResult of the post hoc Tukey-corrected multiple comparisons