Table 1.
The prevalence of asthenopia among 1,462 participants
|
| ||||||
| Number of Symptoms | Total Number of Subjects | |||||
| One or more | P-Value | Two or more | Three or more | |||
| Percent (95% CI) | Percent (95% CI) | Percent (95% CI) | ||||
| Age sex standardized | 70.9 (68.3–73.5) | 39.8 (36.4–43.1) | 19.7 (16.0–23.3) | |||
| Sex | Male | 65.5 (60.8–70.2) | 0.048 | 31.6 (26.7–36.5) | 12.8 (9.8–15.8) | 389 |
| Female | 73.3 (70.5–76.1) | 43.8 (41.1–46.6) | 22.2 (18.6–25.9) | 1,073 | ||
| Age group (year) | 18–19 | 72.2 (66.9–77.9) | 0.219 | 38.9 (30.5–47.3) | 23.3 (17.6–29.1) | 90 |
| 20–21 | 70.2 (65.5–75.0) | 37.2 (32.3–42.1) | 19.3 (13.5–25.0) | 441 | ||
| 22–23 | 71.6 (67.4–75.8) | 42.3 (38.2–46.4) | 18.5 (13.8–23.2) | 546 | ||
| 24–25 | 72.6 (66.8–79.4) | 42.4 (35.7–49.2) | 22.4 (16.4–28.5) | 205 | ||
| 26–27 | 75.3 (64.8–84.8) | 48.1 (31.6–64.5) | 23.4 (11.5-35.3) | 77 | ||
| 28–29 | 81.5 (66.2–96.9) | 55.3 (41.2–69.3) | 23.7 (14.9–32.5) | 38 | ||
| 30 | 58.4 (45.0–71.8) | 29.2 (16.5–41.9) | 13.8 (4.5–23.2) | 65 | ||
| Refractive errors | Emmetropia | 70.2 (62.9–71.0) | <0.001 | 34.3 (29.5–32.9) | 15.5 (10.5–20.5) | 803 |
| Hyperopia | 79.6 (73.9–78.7) | 47.5 (44.8–50.1) | 24.6 (20.3–28.9) | 625 | ||
| Myopia | 79.4 (53.7–99.9) | 61.7 (35.4–88.0) | 29.4 (8.2–50.5) | 34 | ||
| Astigmatism | No | 68.5 (65.9–71.1) | <0.001 | 36.7 (33.8–39.7) | 16.9 (12.8–21.0) | 1,030 |
| Yes | 77.7 (73.0–82.4) | 49.7 (45.0–54.4) | 26.3 (23.2–29.5) | 432 | ||
| BMI | Underweight | 72.7 (64.2–81.3) | 0.774 | 40.8 (28.5–53.1) | 21.0 (9.4–32.7) | 147 |
| Normal | 70.6 (66.9–74.4) | 40.3 (38.2–42.4) | 19.1 (16.2–22.0) | 986 | ||
| Overweight | 72.3 (68.2–76.4) | 41.6 (34.9–48.4) | 20.9 (16.3–25.5) | 329 | ||
| Semester | 1–4 ( 2 year) | 72.4 (68.3–76.5) | 0.374 | 39.3 (35.5–43.1) | 20.0 (15.3–24.7) | 709 |
| > 4 (> 2 year) | 70.3 (66.7–73.8) | 41.8 (38.2–45.4) | 19.5 (14.4–24.5) | 753 | ||
| Near phoria | No | 70.5 (66.4–74.7) | 0.141 | 40.4 (37.5–43.3) | 19.2 (15.9–22.5) | 974 |
| Exo | 71.7 (68.3–75.2) | 39.8 (36.7–43.0) | 19.2 (13.8–24-7) | 467 | ||
| Eso | 86.8 (74.2–99.5) | 60.5 (43.7–77.3) | 34.9 (27.7–51.1) | 38 | ||
| Hyper | 57.1 (18.5–95.8) | 14.3(8.2–46.8) | 14.2 (8.2–46.7) | 7 | ||
| Anisometropia | No | 70.9 (68.1–73.7) | 0.283 | 40.0 (37.3–42.8) | 19.3 (16.2–22.5) | 1,409 |
| Yes | 79.2 (63.3–95.1) | 54.7 (34.7–74.4) | 30.1 (16.2–44.1) | 53 | ||
| The presence of at least one of the 10 symptoms of foreign body sensation, diplopia, blurred vision, eye swelling, dry eye, eye pain, difficulty in sustaining visual operations, decreased visual acuity, tearing, and photophobia was considered as asthenopia. | ||||||
| BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; Eso, esophoria; Exo, exophoria | ||||||