Table 1.

Characteristics of Study Participants Recruited for Project Viva in 1999–2002, Boston, Massachusetts

Maternal or Child Factor	No. of Subjects	Mean (SD)	%
Maternal prenatal factors
University educational level	979		71
Nulliparous	651		48
Age, years	1,370	32.6 (4.7)
Height, m	1,370	1.7 (0.1)
Prepregnancy BMIa	1,370	24.6 (5.2)
Smoking history
Never smoked	949		69
Smoked before pregnancy	286		21
Smoked during pregnancy	135		10
Gestational glucose tolerance status
Normoglycemia	1,138		83
Isolated hyperglycemia	114		8
Impaired glucose tolerance	48		4
Gestational diabetes	70		5
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
Normal blood pressure	1,212		89
Gestational hypertension or preeclampsia	138		10
Chronic hypertension	20		1
Father university-educated	911		66
Child factors
Sex
Female	667		49
Male	703		51
Race/ethnicity
White	943		68
Black	178		13
Hispanic	60		4
Asian	53		4
Other	136		10
Infant perinatal factors
Birth weight-for-gestational age z score (in SD units)	825	0.2 (0.9)
Neonatal systolic blood pressure	825	72.4 (8.8)
Postnatal factors
Infant feeding type in first 6 months of life
Breast milk only	186		28
Mixed feeding	176		27
Weaned	225		34
Formula only	75		11
Infancy zBMI gain (in SD units)	662	0.03 (1.29)

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SD, standard deviation; zBMI, age- and sex-specific BMI z score.

^a Weight (kg)/height (m)².