Table 2.
Adaptive mechanisms observed in S. cerevisiae clinical isolate studies.
| Adaptive mechanism | Description |
|---|---|
| Multi-site heterozygosity | 794 natural isolates [9] • 46% of 107 clinical origin isolates were heterozygous • 66% of 687 non-clinical origin isolates were heterozygous |
| Higher levels of heterozygosity in clinical isolates [15] • 37%−59% of total SNPs were heterozygous in clinical isolates • 0.9–15% of total SNPs were heterozygous in non-clinical isolates | |
| Mosaicism | 1011 natural isolates [9] • 47% of 107 clinical isolates belong to mosaic clades • 11% of 904 non-clinical isolates belong to mosaic clades |
| 144 natural isolates [8] • Approximately 19% of the 132 clinical isolates belong to mosaic clades • None of the 12 non-clinical isolates are mosaics | |
| 100 natural isolate segregants [11] • 63% of 43 clinical strains belong to mosaic clades • 33% of 57 non-clinical strains belong to mosaic clades | |
| High mutation rate | Clinical isolates YJS5885 and YJS5845 with a genetic incompatibility in mismatch repair genes MLH1 and PMS1 generate spore clones with a range of mutation rates [10]. |
| Aneuploidy | 1011 natural isolates [9] • 17% of 107 clinical isolates are aneuploid, 50% of which have aneuploidies in more than one chromosome (two to seven). • 19% of 904 non-clinical isolates are aneuploid, 7.2% of which have aneuploidies in more than one chromosome (two to nine). |
| 144 natural isolates [8]. 36% contained aneuploidies, 132 of which are clinical isolates. Eight clinical isolates contained multiple aneuploidies. | |
| 93 natural isolate segregants [11] • 5% of 47 clinical strains were aneuploid. • 10% of 50 non-clinical strains were aneuploid. Two contained multiple aneuploidies (one with two, the other with three). | |
| 47 natural isolates [76] • 30% of 10 clinical isolates are aneuploid. One had aneuploidy in two chromosomes. • 24% of 37 non-clinical natural isolates are aneuploid. Two of them had aneuploidies in multiple chromosomes. One had aneuploidy in two chromosomes and the other in four chromosomes. | |
| Polyploidy | 794 natural isolates [9] • 8% of 107 clinical isolates are polyploid • 12% of 687 non-clinical isolates are polyploid |
| 32% of 144 natural isolates are polyploid, 132 of which are clinical isolates [8]. | |
| 30% of both clinical and non-clinical isolates are polyploid in a total of 137 isolates [46]. |