Table 3. Comparison of primary and secondary outcome variables in overweight or obese subjects (n = 21) in the three phases of baseline, after intervention with resistant starch and after placebo for 12 weeks.
| Outcomes | Baseline | After the intervention | After the placebo | p value* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Serum lipids (mg/dL) | ||||||
| Total cholesterol | 183.2 ± 35.4 | 184.4 ± 36.4 | 184.0 ± 36.7 | 0.95 | ||
| TGs | 140.3 ± 59.9 | 150.4 ± 39.8 | 153.2 ± 48.7 | 0.45 | ||
| HDL-C | 40.3 ± 5.6a | 41.8 ± 6.0b | 41.7 ± 5.9 | 0.23 | ||
| LDL-C | 89.1 ± 16.8 | 90.5 ± 20.4 | 89.6 ± 18.1 | 0.86 | ||
| Glycemic variables | ||||||
| FBS (mg/dL) | 103.1 ± 7.1 | 105.3 ± 7.1 | 106.1 ± 9.7 | 0.25 | ||
| Serum insulin (µIU/mL) | 20.2 ± 7.4 | 18.2 ± 5.2 | 19.6 ± 6.2 | 0.15 | ||
| Insulin ≥ 16 | 24.9 ± 4.2 | 20.8 ± 4.6 | 22.7 ± 5.3 | 0.04 | ||
| Insulin < 16 | 11.9 ± 1.3 | 13.6 ± 1.3 | 13.4 ± 1.6 | 0.25 | ||
| HOMA-IR | 5.1 ± 2.0 | 4.7 ± 1.5 | 5.0 ± 1.7 | 0.45 | ||
| QUICKI | 0.306 ± 0.01 | 0.303 ± 0.01 | 0.305 ± 0.01 | 0.64 | ||
| Antioxidant status | ||||||
| Serum TAS (µmol/L) | 968.9 ± 30.7 | 1,047.1 ± 32.9 | 819.6 ± 27.6 | 0.04 | ||
| Serum SOD activity (U/g Hb) | 1,507.4 ± 590.1 | 1,386.2 ± 499.1 | 1,326.8 ± 621.5 | 0.55 | ||
| Serum MDA (µIU/mL) | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 0.30 | ||
| Blood pressure (mm Hg) | ||||||
| SBP | 115.0 ± 11.1 | 115.0 ± 10.9 | 115.7 ± 12.1 | 0.91 | ||
| DBP | 80.0 ± 10.0 | 76.7 ± 11.3 | 78.8 ± 7.7 | 0.56 | ||
| Metabolic characteristics | ||||||
| Weight (kg) | 90.5 ± 9.8 | 90.9 ± 9.4 | 91.3 ± 8.9 | 0.16 | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 32.5 ± 3.5 | 32.6 ± 3.4 | 32.7 ± 3.2 | 0.16 | ||
| Waist circumference (cm) | 106.4 ± 7.2 | 105.3 ± 6.1 | 106.5 ± 5.1 | 0.21 | ||
Values are means ± standard deviations.
TG, triacylglycerol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FBS, fasting blood sugar; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; TAS, total antioxidant status; SOD, superoxide dismutase; MDA, malondialdehyde; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; BMI, body mass index .
a,bDifferent alphabet indicates significant difference (p < 0.05) in the same raw by paired t-test. Pairwise comparisons between periods were performed with the use of Bonferroni adjustment to account for multiple comparisons. *The p values were computed by using general linear model analysis of variance for repeated measurements.