Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of study participants showing mtDNA substitution mutations
| Parameters | All participants | Adult participants | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
HIV + (n = 92) |
HIV − (n = 72) |
p‐value |
HIV + (n = 80) |
HIV − (n = 59) |
p‐value | |
| Age (years) | 35 [27–42] (2–61) | 32 [24–41] (1–62) | 0.134 | 36 [31–43] (20–61) | 33 [27–43] (21–62) | 0.240 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26 [23–29] (17–46) | 22 [21–27] (16–53) | 0.010 | |||
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Current smoker | 33 (36) | 25 (35) | 1 | 33 (41) | 25 (42) | 1.000 |
| Never smoker | 59 (64) | 47 (65) | 47 (59) | 34 (58) | ||
| Alcohol use (drink‐year) | 0 [0–7] (0–352) | 2 [0–12] (0–424) | 0.004 | 0 [0–9] (0–352) | 3 [1–24] (0–424) | <0.001 |
| Drug use (weekly/daily) | ||||||
| Current or Past | 26 (28) | 24 (33) | 0.609 | 26 (33) | 24 (41) | 0.474 |
| Never | 64 (70) | 48 (67) | 52 (65) | 35 (59) | ||
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| Caucasian | 33 (36) | 32 (44) | <0.001 | 31 (39) | 32 (54) | <0.001 |
| African/Caribbean/Black | 38 (41) | 0 (0) | 29 (36) | 0 (0) | ||
| Indigenous | 12 (13) | 14 (19) | 11 (14) | 14 (24) | ||
| Asian | 8 (9) | 10 (14) | 8 (10) | 10 (17) | ||
| Unknown | 1 (1) | 16 (22) | 1 (1) | 3 (5) | ||
| CD4+ cell count (cells/μl) | ||||||
| Current | 510 [330–705] (30–2350) | 460 [310–655] (30–1570) | ||||
| Nadir | 225 [138–303] (0–2350) | 210 [143–285] (0–1110) | ||||
| HIV plasma viral load (copies/ml) | ||||||
| Current pVL (<50) | 59 (64) | 47 (59) | ||||
| Peak pVL > 100,000 | 40 (43) | 31 (39) | ||||
| HIV treatment status | ||||||
| PI‐based | 46 (50) | 38 (48) | ||||
| NNRTI‐based | 19 (21) | 16 (20) | ||||
| On other cART | 2 (2) | 1 (1) | ||||
| cART‐naive | 8 (9) | 8 (10) | ||||
| Off cART | 17 (18) | 17 (21) | ||||
Data presented as median [IQR] (range) or n (%); ethnicity is unknown for all pediatric HIV‐negative participants; cART, combination antiretroviral therapy; PI, protease inhibitor; NNRTI, non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; BMI, body mass index is not presented for groups that include pediatric participants. BMI was unknown for 5 adults, current CD4+ cell count was unknown for 1 adult. pVL, HIV plasma viral load < 50 copies/ml is “undetectable.” Current pVL was unknown for 2 adults. Mann–Whitney test was used for age, alcohol use, and BMI. Chi‐square test was used for smoking status, drug use, and ethnicity.