Table 1.
Characteristics and clinical profiles of the study subjects.
| Non-Diabetic Control N = 1383 |
T2D Patients N = 1640 |
p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||
| Male | 48.1% | 50.8% | 0.138 |
| Female | 51.9% | 49.2% | |
| Age at study (mean ± SD, years) | 46.0 ± 10.6 | 62.0 ± 11.3 | <0.001 |
| Duration of diabetes (mean ± SD, years) | -- | 11.0 ± 8.7 | -- |
| HbA1C (%) | 5.5 ± 0.3 | 7.9 ± 1.6 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.9 ± 3.5 | 25.4 ± 4.0 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mean ± SD, mmHg) | 112.9 ± 16.6 | 140.4 ± 19.5 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mean ± SD, mmHg) | 71.2 ± 11.4 | 79.4 ± 12.1 | <0.001 |
| Waist–hip ratio (mean ± SD) | 0.87± 0.23 | 0.93 ± 0.07 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mean ± SD, mg/dL) | 190.9 ± 34.9 | 185.4 ± 41.8 | <0.001 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mean ± SD, mg/dL) | 54.8 ± 12.9 | 48.3 ± 14.9 | <0.001 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mean ± SD, mg/dL) | 119.7 ± 31.9 | 115.1 ± 37.0 | 0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mean ± SD, mg/dL) | 106.8 ± 67.2 | 166.0 ± 131.5 | <0.001 |
| eGFR (mean ± SD, mL/min/1.73 m2) 1 ≥60 <60 (diabetic kidney disease, DKD) |
109.8 ± 26.0 1371 (99.1%) 12 (0.9%) |
83.8 ± 40.6 958 (72.3%) 367 (27.7%) |
<0.001 <0.001 |
| Diabetic retinopathy severity scales 2,3 | |||
| Non-DR | -- | 588 (55.3%) | -- |
| Non-proliferative DR | -- | 201 (18.9%) | -- |
| Proliferative DR | -- | 274 (25.8%) | -- |
T2D: type 2 diabetes; SD: standard deviation; HbA1C: hemoglobin A1C; eGFR: estimated Glomerular filtration rate; 1 eGFR values were obtained for 1325 of 1640 T2D subjects; 2 According to the American Academy of Ophthalmology proposed international scales for severity of clinical diabetic retinopathy; 3 1063 subjects underwent the ophthalmologic examinations.