Table 1.

Metabolites isolated from Persea species.

Compound Name and Synonyms	Source	Extracts of Different Parts Used	Biological Significance	Reference
Fatty alcohols
(2R,4R)-1,2,4-trihydroxyheptadec-16-yne [Avocadyne] 1,2,4-trihydroxyheptadec-16-ene 2,4-methylene-dioxyheptadec-16-ene-1-ol 1-acetoxy-2,4-dihydroxyheptadec-16-yne (2R,4R)1,2,4-Nonadecanetriol. (2R,4R,6E)-6-Nonadecene-1,2,4-triol (2R,4R,16E)-16-Nonadecene-1,2,4-triol [Avocadenol D]	P. americana	Pulp and seeds	Inhibition of the dengue virus replication. Cytotoxic, insecticidal, antimycobacterial, and trypanocidal activity.	[10,11,12,13,21]
(Z,Z)-1-Acetoxy-2-hydroxy-4-oxo-heneicosa-12,15-triene (Z,Z,E)-1-Acetoxy-2-hydroxy-4-oxo-heneicosa-5,12,15-triene 1,2,4-trihydroxyheptadec-16-ene	P. americana	Idioblast cells of pulp	Antifungal activity	[14]
(2R,4R)16-Heptadecene-1,2,4-triol and the following derivatives: 1,2, or 4 acetate (1,2), (1,4) or (2,4) di acetate 1-hexadecanolyl derivative (Avocadoin)	P. americana	Peel, idioblast cell, and leaves	Antifungal, cytotoxic, and insecticidal activity.	[11,14,15]
2-(isopropyl)-(2E,4E)-16-Heptadecene-1,2,4-triol 2-(isopropyl), 1,4-di-acetyl-(2E,4E)-16-Heptadecene-1,2,4-triol	P. gratissima	Leaves	-	[7]
(2E,5E,12Z,15Z) 1-Hydroxy-2,5,12,15-heneicosatetraen-4-one 1-Hydroxy-2,12,15-heneicosatrien-4-one	P. americana	-	-	[7]
Acetyl-2-nonanol	P. gratissima	Leaves	-	[7]
Persin Tetrahydropersin Isopersin Tetrahydropersin	P. americana	Idioblast oil cells	Surfactant and emulsifier, nutrient, membrane stabilizer, energy source, and energy storage.	[8,16,17]
1-Acetoxy-2-hydroxy-16-heptadecen-4-one	P. americana	Pulp		[18]
Persenone A and B	P. americana	Pulp	Nitric oxide and superoxide generation inhibitors.	[19]
Secosubamolide	P. americana	Bark	Cytotoxic activity	[20]
Phenolics
Gallic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid Vanillic acid p-Coumaric acid Ferulic acid Quercetin	P. americana	Pulp oil and varied by ripening and peeling	Antioxidant activity	[28]
(+)-Catechin (−)-Epicatechin Neochlorogenic acid procyanidins	P. americana	By-products	Antioxidant and neuroprotective activity.	[22]
Proanthocyanidins B1, B2 and A-type trimer	P. americana	Seeds	Cytotoxic to HaCat cells.	[23]
Tocopherols (Vitamin E) α-tocopherol γ-tocopherol	P. americana	Pulp and pulp oil varied by ripening and peeling	Antioxidant activity	[24,28]
(E)-Chlorogenic acid (Caffeylquinic acid, Caffetannic acid, Helianthic acid, Igasuric acid)	P. americana	-	Antioxidant, antimicrobial (antibacterial and antiviral) hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-hypertension, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, neuroprotective, central nervous system stimulator.	[7,25]
Scopoletin	P. americana	-	Anti-oncogenic and antioxidant activity.	[7,26]
4-Hydroxycinnamoylputrescine (4-Coumaroylputresine)	P. gratissima	-	Nutrient, promotes cell multiplication of tobacco explants.	[7,27]
Carotenoids
Lutein zeaxanthin β-cryptoxanthin α-carotene β-carotene (pro-vitamin A, retinol)	P. americana	Pulp and pulp oil varied by ripening and peeling	Cytotoxic to prostate cancer cell lines, antioxidant, reduces the photosensitivity reactions in erythropoietic protoporphyria patients.	[24,28]
10’,11’-Didehydro-5,8,11’,12’-tetrahydro-10’-apo-β-carotene-3,5,8-triol 5,8-Epoxy-5,8-dihydro-10’-apo-β,ψ-carotene-3,10’-diol	P. americana	Pulp	Surfactant and emulsifier, nutrient, membrane stabilizer, energy source and energy storage.	[8,29]
α-Citraurin (3-Hydroxy-8’-apo-ε-caroten-8’-al)	P. americana	Pulp		[30]
Carbohydrates
Perseulose	P. gratissima	Leaves, fruit, and seeds	Nutrient, membrane stabilizer, energy source and energy storage.	[44]
d-erythro-l-galacto-Nonulose	P. americana	Pulp		[45]
d-erythro-l-gluco-Nonulose	P. americana	Pulp		[46]
d-erythro-d-galacto-Octitol	P. gratissima	Pulp		[47]
d-manno-2-Heptulose	P. gratissima P. americana	Pulp		[7,47]
d-glycero-d-manno-2-Octulose	P. gratissima	Pulp		[47]
Furan derivatives
Avocadofuran B (2-Heptadecylfuran) P. americana		Pulp	Insecticidal activity	[31,32]
Avocadofuran A (2-Pentadecylfuran)	P. americana	Idioblast oil cells
Avocadienofuran	P. americana P. indica	Seed oil pulp	-	[33,34]
Perseafuran [(E)-2-(1-Pentadecenyl) furan]
Isoavocadienofuran		Seeds
Avocadenofuran	P. americana	Pulp		[18]
Avocadynofuran	P. americana and P. indica	Pulp		[18,33]
Furanone derivatives
Obtusilactone A (Borbonol)	P. americana, P. borbonia and other Persea spp.	Idioblast oil cells	Antifungal and anticancer activity.	[35,36]
Isoobtusilactone A (Borbonol 2)	Persea spp	Idioblast cell oil of pulp	Antifungal and anticancer activity.	[35,37]
Majorynolide	P. major	-	Cytotoxic, weak antimycobacterial activity.	[33]
16,17-Dihydro-Majorynolide	P. major and P. indica	-
Diterpenoids
Perseanol Vignaticol Indicol	P. indica	Branches	Insecticidal and antifeedant activity.	[39,40]
Ryanodol 2,3-DidehydrocinnzeylanoneAnhydrocinnzeylanoneGarajonone			Insecticidal and toxic to mice.	[41,42,43]
Norlignans/Neolignans/Lignans
Perseal A ((7’R,8’S)4’,7’-Dihydroxy-3,3’-dimethoxy-8,9-dinor-4,8’-oxylignan-7-al) Perseal B ((7’S,8’S) 4’,7’-Dihydroxy-3,3’-dimethoxy-8,9-dinor-4,8’-oxylignan-7-al) Obovatinal Perseal C Perseal D Perseal E ((7’S,8’S) 4,7’-Epoxy-3’,4’-dihydroxy-5,5’-dimethoxy-8,9-dinor-3,8’-lignan-7-al) ObovatenObovatifol	P. obovatifolia	Branches	Cytotoxic activity	[48,49,50,51,52]
Lingueresinol	P. lingue	Bark	-	[53]
Miscellaneous
(6S,7E,9Z) Abscisic acid-13-Hydroxy, 13-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	P. americana	Seeds	Derivative of abscisic acid (plant hormone involved in seed and bud dormancy).	[7]
Dimethyl sciadinonate	P. americana	-	Growth inhibitor of silkworm larvae.	[7,54]
(3β,5α,24R) Stigmast-7-en-3-ol; (Schottenol, 22-Dihydrochondrillasterol, 22,23-Dihydro-α-spinasterol, Poriferast-7-en-3-ol)	P. americana	Pulp oil	Protective role by cholesterol metabolism modulation (liver x receptor agonist).	[55]
Perseapicroside A	P. mexicana	-	-	[56]
Glutathione	P. americana	-	Anticancer and antioxidant activity.	[57,58,59]
12-Tridecenal	P. bombycina	Essential oil	-	[60]