Table 7.
Anti-inflammatory properties of Persea americana (avocado) extracts, compounds, and combinations.
| Extracts and Compounds | Key Findings and Molecular Mechanism of Action | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Leaf aqueous extract | Reduced carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema. | [185] |
| Persenone A | Reduced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in activated murine macrophages. | [173] |
| Avacado oil | Promoted increased collagen synthesis and decreased inflammation in wound healing on incisional and excisional cutaneous wound models in Wistar rats. | [186] |
| (2R)-(12Z,15Z)-2-hydroxy-4-oxoheneicosa-12,15-dien-1-yl acetate, persenone A and B | Decreased nitric oxide generation in activated mouse macrophages. | [19] |
| Avocado–Soybean Unsaponifiables (ASU) | Inhibited collagenase, stromelysin, IL-6, IL-8, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release in activated human articular chondrocytes. | [192] |
| Stimulated glycosaminoglycan and hydroxyproline synthesis, and inhibited the production of hydroxyproline in the granulomatous tissue of mice model. | [193] | |
| Suppressed critical regulators of the inflammatory response such as PGE-2 and COX-2 in activated human chondrocytes. | [195] | |
| Decreased catabolic enzymes, matrix metalloproteinases-3 and -13 expressions via inactivating the expression of MAPKs (ERK 1/2) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) in activated mouse or human chondrocytes. | [190] | |
| Reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and iNOS expression in activated chondrocytes and THP-1 monocyte and macrophages. | [196] | |
| Exhibited a promising result on the bone repair by modulating the molecular targets of Rankl and Il1β, RANKL, TRAP in rat model. | [197] | |
| Decreased pain symptoms in patients with osteoarthritis of the temporomandibular joint. | [203] | |
| Modulated the expression of TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and BMP-2 in activated human periodontal ligament and human alveolar bone cells. | [206] | |
| ASU + Epigallocatechin gallate | Inhibited COX-2 expression and PGE2 production in activated equine chondrocytes. | [204] |
| Inhibited the gene expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, COX-2, and IL-8 in activated equine chondrocytes. | [189] |