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. 2019 Oct 14;11(10):1553. doi: 10.3390/cancers11101553

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Effects of forced expression of ALDH1A2 on invasive potential of ovarian cancer cells. (A,B) Invasion assay; RMG-I cells transfected with either the empty vector or ALDH1A2 expression vector for 24 h were loaded into the upper chamber and then fetal bovine serum (FBS, 5%) was added to the lower chamber. After 24 h, the cells that invaded the lower chamber were stained with DiffQuik (A) and quantified (B) under a microscope. Data are expressed as means  ± SD. Statistical significance was assessed using an unpaired t-test. *** p < 0.005. (C) Sprouting assay; RMG1 cells ectopically expressing ALDH1A2 were embedded with Matrigel and incubated for 24 h. Phase contrast images were observed (left panel). Calcein-AM-stained cells were visualized using a fluorescence microscope (right panel). Original magnification: 4×. Scale bar, 500 μm. (D) Sprouting assay using RMG1 cells incubated in the presence or absence of ATRA (1 μM, 5 μM). Phase contrast images were observed (left panel). Calcein-AM-stained cells were visualized using a fluorescence microscope (right panel). Original magnification: 4×. Scale bar, 500 μm.