Table 1.
Examples of aneuploidy acquired under diverse stresses across different fungal species.
| Species | Strain Details | Selected Phenotype | Aneuploid Chromosomes | Implicated Genes | Aneuploidy Transience | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C. albicans | Clinical isolates | Fluconazole resistance | V (+1) * | ERG11, TAC1 | Selmecki et al. (2008) [48] | |
| In vivo OPC mouse model | Host defense during OPC | VI (+1) | Forche et al. (2019) [56] | |||
| Laboratory strains | Cisplatin resistance | V (−1), II (+1), II (+2) | Yang et al. (2013) [75], Yang et al. (2019) [76] | |||
| Hydroxyurea resistance | II (+1) | Yang et al. (2019) [76] | ||||
| Suppressor of RGD1 deletion | III (+1) *, VII (+1) | NPR2 | Mount et al. (2018) [77] | |||
| Multiple clinical isolates | Fluconazole resistance | V (+1) *, III (+1) * | ERG11, MRR1, CDR1, CDR2 | Confirmed | Ford et al. (2015) [49] | |
| C. neoformans | Clinical isolates | Fluconazole heteroresistance | I (+1), IV (+1) | ERG11, AFR1 | Sionov et al. (2010) [23], Sionov et al. (2013) [53] | |
| Laboratory strains | Fluconazole heteroresistance | I (+1), IV (+1) | ERG11, AFR1, SEY1, GLO3 | Ngamskulrungroj et al. (2012) [52] | ||
| F. oxysporum | Plant pathogen | Increased pathogenecity | XIV (+1) ** | SIX1, SIX3, ORX1 | Ma et al. (2010) [78] | |
| N. haematococca | Plant pathogen | Increased pathogenicity | CD (+1) ** | PDA6 | Miao et al. (1991) [79] | |
| S. pastorianus | Industrial lager strains | Flocculation | I (+1), IV (+1), X (+1), XII (+2) | LgFLO, FLO1, FLO5, FLO10 | Van den Borek et al. (2015) [80] | |
| Increased diacetyl synthesis | X (+1), XII (+2) | ILV5, ILV3 | Van den Borek et al. (2015) [80] | |||
| S. cerevisiae | Clinical isolates | Host survival | variable across strain phylogeny | Zhu et al. (2016) [55] | ||
| Environmental isolates | Copper tolerance | II (+1), VII (+1), VIII (+1) | CUP1, CUP2, SCO1, SCO2 | Ezov et al. (2006) [41], Chang et al. (2013) [43] | ||
| Freeze-thaw tolerance | XII (+1) | AQY2 | Hose et al. (2015) [38] | |||
| Industrial isolates | Ethanol tolerance | III (+1) | Morard et al. (2019) [81] | |||
| Industrial wine strain | Increased ethanol oxidation | VII (+1), XIII (+2) | ADH2, ADH3 | Guijo et al. (1997) [82] | ||
| Industrial beer strain | Increased ethanol yield | XI (+1) | Zhang et al. (2015) [83] | |||
| Laboratory strains | 4-NQO resistance | IV (+1) | ATR1 | Pavelka et al. (2010) [6] | ||
| Benomyl resistance | XII (−1) | Chen et al. (2012) [61] | ||||
| Copper tolerance | II (+1), VIII (+1) | CUP1, SCO1, SCO2 | Gerstein et al. (2015) [65] | |||
| Ethanol tolerance | III (+1), VIII (+1) | Voordeckers et al. (2015) [68] | ||||
| Ferulic acid tolerance | XIV (+1) | Sato et al. (2014) [63] | ||||
| Flocculation | I (+1) | FLO1 | Hope et al. (2017) [70] | |||
| Fluconazole resistance | VIII (+1) | ERG11 | Chen et al. (2012) [61] | |||
| Galactose tolerance | VIII (+1) | GAL80 | Sirr et al. (2015) [67] | |||
| Glucose-limited growth | I (+1), III (+1), V (+1) *, XIV (−1) | Speculated | Gresham et al. (2008) [59] | |||
| Nitrogen-limited growth (glutamine) | XI, XI (+1–+4) * | GAP1 | Lauer et al. (2018) [62] | |||
| Heat shock tolerance | III (+1) | 17 genes | Confirmed | Yona et al. (2012) [62] | ||
| High pH tolerance | V (+1) | Confirmed | Yona et al. (2012) [62] | |||
| Phosphate-limited growth | IV (+1), VI (+1), X (+1), XIII (+2), XVI (+1) | Speculated | Gresham et al. (2008) [59] | |||
| Raffinose growth | XIII (+1) | Selmecki et al. (2015) [66] | ||||
| Radicicol resistance | XV (+1) | STL1, PDR5 | Chen et al. (2012) [61] | |||
| Suppressors of MEC1 deficiency | IV (+1) | RNR1 | Gasch et al. (2001) [58] | |||
| Suppressors of MYO1 deletion | XIII (+1), XVI (+1) | RLM1, MKK2 | Rancati et al. (2008) [60] | |||
| Suppressors of RPS24A and RNR1 deletion | IX (+1) | RPS24B, RNR3 | Hughes et al. (2000) [57] | |||
| Suppressors of telomerase insufficiency | VIII (−1) | PRP8, UTP9, KOG1, SCH9 | Millet et al. (2016) [69] | |||
| Tunicamycin resistance | XVI (−1), II (+1) | ALG7, PRE7, YBR085C-A | Chen et al. (2012) [61], Beaupere et al. (2018) [71] | |||
| Xylose utilization | I (−1) | Sato et al. (2014) [63] | ||||
| S. paradoxus | Environmental isolates | Freeze-thaw tolerance | XII (+1) | AQY2 | Will et al. (2010) [84] |
The fungal species, strain characteristics and selected phenotype are indicated along with the corresponding aneuploid chromosomes. In cases where specific genes on aneuploid chromosomes were implicated in the phenotype, the implicated genes are listed. If aneuploidy was confirmed to be transient, it is noted. (* —segmental aneuploidy, ** —accessory chromosome).