Table 3.
Statistical significance (ANOVA) of genotype, growing year, and their interaction on nutritional components, fatty acids composition, phytochemical profile, and antioxidant activity of hemp seeds from the seven industrial hemp cultivars cultivated in this study and for the three growing seasons (2016, 2017, and 2018).
| Parameter | Genotype (G) |
Total Variance (%) | Year (Y) |
Total Variance (%) | GxY | Total Variance (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nutritional Components | ||||||
| Oil | 145.5*** | 58.8 | 92.5*** | 37.4 | 9.5*** | 3.9 |
| Protein | 38.4*** | 52.4 | 27.2*** | 37.0 | 7.8*** | 10.6 |
| Ash | 0.1*** | 9.6 | 0.3*** | 36.9 | 0.4*** | 53.6 |
| Carbohydrates | 30.4.4*** | 57.7 | 199.0*** | 37.7 | 24.5*** | 4.6 |
| Fatty Acids | ||||||
| Palmitic | 2.0* | 86.2 | 0.1*** | 6.0 | 0.0*** | 7.8 |
| Stearic | 0.3*** | 70.0 | 0.1*** | 25.7 | 0.0NS | 4.3 |
| Oleic | 39.0*** | 91.2 | 2.3*** | 5.5 | 1.4*** | 3.3 |
| Linoleic | 2.8*** | 42.0 | 3.2*** | 47.7 | 0.7*** | 10.3 |
| γ-linolenic | 3.8*** | 77.3 | 0.9*** | 18.0 | 0.2*** | 4.7 |
| α-linolenic | 13.0*** | 99.6 | 0.5*** | 3.3 | 0.9*** | 4.7 |
| ω-6/ω-3 ratio | 1.1NS | 85.3 | 0.0*** | 1.3 | 0.1*** | 13.4 |
| Tocopherols | ||||||
| γ-Τ | 9.1*** | 24.4 | 26.4*** | 71.0 | 1.7*** | 4.6 |
| δ-Τ | 0.0*** | 9.9 | 0.2*** | 85.9 | 0.0*** | 4.2 |
| Carotenoids | ||||||
| Lutein | 1.0*** | 43.7 | 0.0*** | 12.6 | 1.0*** | 43.7 |
| β-carotene | 0.3*** | 63.5 | 0.1*** | 28.3 | 0.0*** | 8.1 |
| Zeaxanthin | 0.0*** | 10.1 | 0.0*** | 64.9 | 0.0*** | 25.0 |
| Total | 2.0*** | 54.3 | 0.3*** | 7.4 | 1.4*** | 38.4 |
| Total Phenolic Content | 54,456.7*** | 27.3 | 117,289.3*** | 58.9 | 27,466.2*** | 13.8 |
| Phenolic Compounds | ||||||
| Protocatechuic acid | 0.3*** | 17.5 | 1.3*** | 66.6 | 0.3*** | 15.8 |
| p-hydroxybenzoic acid | 0.1*** | 2.9 | 5.4*** | 93.5 | 0.2*** | 3.7 |
| Cinnamic acid | 1.1*** | 2.9 | 29.1*** | 77.6 | 7.4*** | 19.6 |
| N-trans-caffeoyltyramine | 458.1*** | 6.5 | 5936.6*** | 84.0 | 674.7*** | 9.5 |
| Cannabisin A | 1738.1*** | 9.7 | 14,174.2*** | 79.1 | 1998.5*** | 11.2 |
| Antioxidant Activity | ||||||
| ABTS assay | 105,299.8*** | 26.3 | 272,547.7*** | 68.1 | 22,639.5*** | 5.7 |
| FRAP assay | 96,613.4*** | 33.7 | 169,163.2*** | 59.0 | 20,773.0*** | 7.3 |
* and *** indicate significance at p < 0.05 and 0.001 levels, respectively. ABTS: 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulfonate); FRAP: ferric-reducing antioxidant power; NS: non-significant at p > 0.05.