. 2019 Oct 9;8(10):465. doi: 10.3390/antiox8100465

Table 2.

Testicular antioxidant enzymes, oxidative stress markers and total antioxidant capacity.

Groups	NC	DC	D+MP	D+Met	D+MP+Met
SOD activity (unit/mg protein)	2.21 ± 0.08	1.32 ± 0.08 ^a	2.06 ± 0.19 ^b	1.98 ± 0.12 ^a,b	2.23 ± 0.13 ^b,d
CAT activity (unit/mg protein)	38.88 ± 4.85	11.51 ± 2.98 ^a	32.36 ± 4.42 ^b	27.24 ± 3.53 ^a,b	38.49 ± 7.24 ^b,d
GPx activity (unit/mg protein)	35.83 ± 3.17	10.46 ± 1.84 ^a	27.51 ± 2.71 ^a,b	22.87 ± 3.21 ^a,b	30.41 ± 2.39 ^a,b,d
GST activity (unit/mg protein)	167.90 ± 7.52	119.50 ± 4.84 ^a	161.90 ± 5.16 ^b	156.30 ± 5.23 ^a,b	167.50 ± 4.24 ^b,d
GR activity (unit/mg protein)	23.52 ± 2.36	11.01 ± 1.38 ^a	17.76 ± 2.04 ^a,b	16.19 ± 1.01 ^a,b	20.85 ± 2.31 ^b,c,d
GSH level (nmol GSH Eq./mg protein)	2.96 ± 0.48	1.15 ± 0.19 ^a	2.35 ± 0.28 ^a,b	2.01 ± 0.24 ^a,b	2.61 ± 0.41 ^b,d
TAC (nmol uric acid Eq./mg protein)	173.70 ± 8.60	77.46 ± 9.37 ^a	158.00 ± 9.58 ^a,b	141.50 ± 9.50 ^a,b,c	183.50 ± 4.80 ^b,c,d
TBARS level (nmol/mg protein)	1.03 ± 0.15	3.53 ± 0.26 ^a	1.57 ± 0.29 ^a,b	2.40 ± 0.31 ^a,b,c	1.38 ± 0.27 ^b,d
Nitric oxide level (µmol/g tissue)	2.66 ± 0.93	14.03 ± 2.41 ^a	3.62 ± 0.98 ^b	6.68 ± 1.57 ^a,b,c	3.62 ± 0.52 ^b,d

Values are mean ± SD, n = 8. ^a p < 0.05 versus NC, ^b p < 0.05 versus DC, ^c p < 0.05 versus D+MP, ^d p < 0.05 versus D+Met (one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test). SOD: superoxide dismutase, CAT: catalase, GPx: glutathione peroxidase, GR: glutathione reductase, GST: glutathione-S-transferase, GSH: total glutathione, TAC: total antioxidant capacity, TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, NC: normoglycaemic control, DC: diabetic control, D+MP: diabetic rats treated with Malaysian propolis, D+Met: diabetic rats treated with metformin, D+MP+Met: diabetic rats treated with Malaysian propolis + metformin.