Table 3.
Epididymal antioxidants, TBARS level and total antioxidant capacity.
| Groups | NC | DC | D+MP | D+Met | D+MP+Met |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SOD activity (unit/mg protein) | 2.89 ± 0.38 | 1.22 ± 0.26 a | 2.43 ± 0.22 b | 2.21 ± 0.31 a,b | 2.76 ± 0.40 b,d |
| CAT activity (unit/mg protein) | 28.32 ± 3.02 | 15.18 ± 3.00 a | 24.24 ± 2.89 a,b | 23.27 ± 2.50 a,b | 26.46 ± 2.03 b |
| GPx activity (unit/mg protein) | 34.08 ± 4.89 | 16.77 ± 3.06 a | 30.06 ± 3.34 b | 27.77 ± 2.27 a,b | 35.33 ± 3.22 b,c,d |
| GST activity (unit/mg protein) | 140.40 ± 13.57 | 91.15 ± 2.77 a | 104.80 ± 13.26 a | 108.50 ± 6.26 a,b | 127.00 ± 9.02 b,c,d |
| GR activity (unit/mg protein) | 22.29 ± 1.39 | 10.31 ± 1.29 a | 18.41 ± 1.26 a,b | 16.64 ± 1.59 a,b | 18.75 ± 1.41 b,c,d |
| GSH level (nmol GSH Eq./mg protein) | 2.28 ± 0.32 | 0.91 ± 0.12 a | 2.01 ± 0.25 b | 1.93 ± 0.25 b | 2.15 ± 0.29 b |
| TBARS level (nmol/mg protein) | 1.61 ± 0.19 | 7.05 ± 0.74 a | 3.73 ± 0.59 a,b | 4.45 ± 0.80 a,b | 2.32 ± 0.47 b,c,d |
| TAC (nmol uric acid Eq/mg protein) | 249.60 ± 17.79 | 95.57 ± 11.15 a | 197.40 ± 17.19 a,b | 153.20 ± 18.56 a,b,c | 224.10 ± 15.52 a,b,c,d |
Values are mean ± SD, n = 8. a p < 0.05 versus NC, b p < 0.05 versus DC, c p < 0.05 versus D+MP, d p < 0.05 versus D+Met (one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test). SOD: superoxide dismutase, CAT: catalase, GPx: glutathione peroxidase, GR: glutathione reductase, GST: glutathione-S-transferase, GSH: total glutathione, TAC: total antioxidant capacity, TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, NC: normoglycaemic control, DC: diabetic control, D+MP: diabetic rats treated with Malaysian propolis, D+Met: diabetic rats treated with metformin, D+MP+Met: diabetic rats treated with Malaysian propolis + metformin.