Table 1.
Summary of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved Invasive Stimulation Approaches.
| Patient Factors (FDA Approval) | Battery Location | MRI Conditional? | Common Adverse Effects [41,58,75] | >50% Reduction in Seizures at 1 year in RCTs (Adult Patients) [26,41,58] | Seizure Free [41,42,62,121] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VNS | ≥4 years | Chest wall | Yes | Hoarseness (55%) Cough (15%) Pain (15%) Dyspnea 38%) |
34%–37% | 5% (at 4 months after implant) |
| RNS | ≥18 years Refractory to ≥2 ASMs ≥3 seizures per month for ≥3 months |
Cranium | No | ICH (4.7%) Lead damage (2.6%) Infection (4%) |
44% | 16% (for ≥12 months) |
| DBS of ANT | ≥18 years ≥6 seizures per month Refractory to ≥2 ASMs and taking 1–4 ASMs |
Chest wall | Yes | Implant site pain (23%) Infection (13%) Lead misplacement (8.2%) |
43% | 16% (for ≥6 months) |