Table 3.

Literature review—risk assessment, prevention, and management of CI-AKI.

S. No.	Author, journal	Year	Design	Conclusion
1	McDonald et al Radiology	2013	Metaanalysis	• Controlled contrast medium-induced nephropathy studies show similar incidences of acute kidney injury and death between the control and contrast medium groups
2	Owen et al Can Assoc Radiol J	2014	Review	• The most important risk factor is preexisting renal impairment • Serum creatinine is not an accurate indicator of renal function • eGFR should be used to assign risk levels and implement proper prevention strategies
3	Andreucci et al ScientificWorldJournal	2014	Review	• The incidence of CIN is less than it was in the past • Clinicians must identify risk factors and follow precautions • Most important risk factors are kidney function before the procedure and adequate hydration
4	Mehran et al J Am Coll Cardiol	2004	Retrospective	• The risk of CIN after PCI can be simply assessed using readily available information • This risk score can be used for both clinical and investigational purposes
5	Mehran et al JACC Cardiovasc Interv	2018	Prospective	• AVERT significantly reduced the amount of contrast media used • No significant differences in CI-AKI were observed with AVERT in this trial
6	Deek et al Aust Crit Care	2014	Review	• Administer IV fluid of 1 mL/kg/hr of 0.9% saline for 12 hours before the procedure and 6 hours after the procedure • Use of NAC and sodium bicarbonate were controversial • Beta-blocker before the diagnostic test was found to be effective • Theophylline administration prevents CIN in moderate- to high-risk patients
7	Jurado-Roman et al Am J Cardiol	2015	Prospective	• Intravenous saline hydration during procedure reduced the risk of CIN to 48% • Patients who experienced CIN had increased mortality and required dialysis • Preventive hydration should be mandatory in all patients unless contraindicated
8	Mueller et al Arch Intern Med	2002	Prospective	• Isotonic hydration is superior to half-isotonic hydration in the prevention of contrast media-associated nephropathy
9	Liu et al Circ Cardiovasc Interv	2015	Prospective	• The V/CrCl ratio adjusted for HV/W may be a more reliable predictor of CIN and even long-term outcomes after cardiac catheterization

Abbreviations: CI-AKI, contrast-induced acute kidney injury; CIN, contrast-induced injury; eGFR, estimated gomerular filtration rate; NAC, N-acetylcysteine; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; V/CrCl, the ratios of contrast volume-to-creatinine clearance; HV/W, hydration volume to body weight.