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. 2019 Sep 27;11(10):1451. doi: 10.3390/cancers11101451

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Typical mammary adipose tissue (MAT) cellular composition. (A) Pre-adipocytes, immature precursor of mature adipocytes; (B) white adipocytes, with lipid-storage and endocrine functions, contain single lipid droplet occupies the largest part of the cytoplasm; (C) brown adipocytes, containing several cytoplasmic small fatty droplets and mitochondria, with uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-dependent thermoregulatory functions; (D) beige adipocytes, with UCP1-independent thermoregulatory functions; (E) dying adipocytes, form crown-like structures due to macrophage recruitment, causing the release of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS); (F) cancer-associated adipocytes, with unbalanced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.