RDE	red-osier dogwood extract
CVD	cardiovascular disease
IL-8	interleukin-8
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor-alph
IL-6	interleukin-6
ICAM-1	intercellular adhesion molecule-1
VCAM-1	vascular cell adhesion molecule 1
COX-2	cyclooxygenase 2
ox-LDL	oxidized low-density lipoprotein
HBSS	Hank’s balanced salt solution
FBS	fetal bovine serum
TEER	transepithelial electrical resistance
ELISA	enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
real-time PCR	real-time polymerase chain reaction
FA	formic acid
SPE	solid phase extraction
VEGF	vascular endothelial growth factor