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. 2019 Nov 4;26:90. doi: 10.1186/s12929-019-0584-z

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© The Author(s). 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — Schematic of the protein domain structure of TLRs. TLR3 is used as an example here. Binding of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) induces TLR3 dimerization, leading to activation of downstream signaling. LRRs, leucine-rich repeats; TIR, Toll/interleukin-1 receptor; TM, transmembrane domain. Proteolysis to cleave the ectodomain is also involved in TLR3 activation, but it is not indicated here