. 2019 Sep 27;97(11):4532–4539. doi: 10.1093/jas/skz302

Table 4.

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA), and total fatty acids (SCFA + BCFA) production from fermented fibers sources inoculated with dog feces for 4, 8, and 12 h, expressed in a mmol or µmol/g of substrate (dry matter basis)

	Fiber sources¹
Fermentation time, h	MG	CE	BP	PF	SB	SEM	P-value
Acetate, mmol/g of substrate
4	0.12^d	0.03^e	1.48^a	0.35^b	0.22^c	0.028	<0.0001
8	0.04^d	0.05^d	1.85^a	0.53^b	0.35^c	0.033	<0.0001
12	0.08^c	0.02^c	2.05^a	0.51^b	0.44^b	0.049	<0.0001
Propionate, mmol/g of substrate
4	0.008^c	0.010^c	0.294^a	0.067^b	0.072^b	0.0048	<0.0001
8	0.011^d	0.027^d	0.452^a	0.118^c	0.156^b	0.0081	<0.0001
12	0.023^d	0.018^d	0.558^a	0.127^c	0.227^b	0.0123	<0.0001
Butyrate, µmol/g of substrate
4	4.26^d	−3.44^d	65.26^a	16.83^c	27.67^b	2.48	<0.0001
8	3.78	3.13	90.87	97.23	44.23	30.61	0.1422
12	7.80^d	−2.81^e	105.25^a	28.24^c	51.44^b	2.58	<0.0001
SCFA², mmol/g of substrate
4	0.14^c	0.03^c	1.83^a	0.43^b	0.32^b	0.034	<0.0001
8	0.06^d	0.08^d	2.40^a	0.75^b	0.55^c	0.051	<0.0001
12	0.11^c	0.04^c	2.72^a	0.67^b	0.72^b	0.063	<0.0001
Isobutyrate, µmol/g of substrate
4	0.72^c	−0.56^c	5.86^b	1.37^c	10.02^a	0.68	<0.0001
8	1.77^c	2.08^c	11.69^b	3.03^c	19.74^a	0.80	<0.0001
12	4.35	18.90	12.25	1.12	21.03	7.61	0.3290
Isovalerate, µmol/g of substrate
4	3.94^bc	0.40^c	9.07^b	6.84^b	29.90^a	1.70	<0.0001
8	4.50^c	5.77^c	15.05^b	5.11^c	37.25^a	1.61	<0.0001
12	6.84^b	1.37^c	8.91^b	−1.52^c	35.71^a	1.31	<0.0001
Valerate, µmol/g of substrate
4	0.32^ab	0.00^b	0.64^a	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.20	0.1695
8	0.00^c	0.00^c	0.00^c	1.28^b	2.57^a	0.20	<0.0001
12	0.56^b	0.24^b	0.24^b	−1.52^c	3.13^a	0.32	<0.0001
BCFA³, µmol/g of substrate
4	4.99^cd	−0.16^d	15.57^b	8.21^c	39.93^a	2.17	<0.0001
8	6.27^c	7.86^c	25.74^b	9.42^c	59.56^a	2.04	<0.0001
12	11.75^b	20.50^b	21.41^b	−1.92^b	59.86^a	7.91	0.0030
TOTAL⁴, mM/g of substrate
4	0.14^b	0.03^c	1.85^a	0.44^b	0.36^b	0.036	<0.0001
8	0.06^c	0.09^c	2.42^a	0.76^b	0.61^b	0.052	<0.0001
12	0.13^c	0.06^c	2.74^a	0.66^b	0.44^b	0.064	<0.0001

¹MG, miscanthus grass; CE, cellulose; BP, beet pulp; PF, pea fiber; SB, sorghum bran.

²SCFA, short-chain fatty acids; sum of acetate, propionate, and butyrate.

³BCFA, branched-chain and minor fatty acids; sum of isobutyrate, isovalerate, 2-methylbutyrate, and valerate.

⁴TOTAL, total short-chain, branched-chain, and minor fatty acids; sum of SCFA and BCFA.

^a–eMeans in the same row with unlike superscripts differ at (P < 0.05).