Fig. 2.

Principal components analysis (PCA)-derived Western pattern factor loadings and adherence by nutrition literacy performance classification (assessed using the Nutrition Literacy Assessment Instrument) among adults with at least one of four diet-related diseases, metropolitan Kansas City, USA, January 2015–July 2016. The PCA Western pattern explains 13 % of dietary intake variation. (a) Factor loadings are represented as the bars (n 386). Intake of foods that have high positive loadings resulted in higher diet pattern adherence scores. Intake of foods with low or negative loading coefficients resulted in low/negative diet pattern adherence scores. (b) Mean differences in adherence to the PCA Western pattern among nutrition literacy performance classification groups. Mean differences are represented as bars and their standard errors are represented by error bars. Positive scores indicate higher intake of foods associated with the Western diet, while low/negative scores indicate lower intake of foods from the Western diet. *P < 0·05, **P < 0·01, ***P < 0·001